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Brugia malayi is the most common cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. A zoophilic ecotype that infects both humans and animals occur in Belitung District in Indonesia. The district received five annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) between 2006 and 2010 and passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in subsequent years. However, a survey in five villages in 2021 showed a microfilaria (Mf) prevalence of 2.1% in humans. The reappearance of B. malayi infection in humans may be due to reintroduction from animal reservoirs. The goal of this study was to determine B. malayi prevalence in potential reservoir hosts and to improve the identification of filarial Mf found in animals. Venous blood was collected from 291 cats, 41 dogs, and 163 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from areas with and without human B. malayi infection. B. malayi Mf were detected by microscopy in 1.4%, 7.3% and 13.5% of the samples, respectively. The geometric mean Mf density varied from 133 Mf/mL(dogs) to 255 Mf/mL (macaques). While Brugia Mf were easily differentiated from Dirofilaria Mf by microscopy, the morphological differentiation between B. malayi and B. pahangi was not reliable. qPCR detected B. malayi DNA in blood from 4.1% of cats, 2.4% dogs, and 13.5% macaques. In addition, infections or co-infection with B. pahangi (cats, dogs) or D. immitis (dogs) were detected. A novel Dirofilaria species was morphologically identified in 20.3% of macaques. Microscopy was less accurate for detection and species identification of Mf than qPCR. The presence of B. malayi Mf in animals represents a challenge for the elimination of LF in some areas in Indonesia. More research is needed to better understand B. malayi transmission between animals and humans in endemic areas like Belitung where routine MDA may not be sufficient to eliminate LF.

Improved treatments for lymphatic filariasis (LF) could accelerate the global elimination program for this disease. A triple drug combination of the anti-filarial drugs ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole (IDA) has been shown to be safe and effective for achieving sustained clearance of microfilariae (Mf) of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti from human blood. However, the triple drug combination has not been previously been evaluated for treatment of brugian filariasis, which accounts for about 10% of the global LF burden. This hospital-based clinical trial compared the safety and efficacy of IDA with that of the standard treatment (DEC plus albendazole, DA) in persons with Brugia timori infections on Sumba island, Indonesia. Fifty-five asymptomatic persons with B . timori Mf were treated with either a single oral dose of IDA (28 subjects) or with DEC plus albendazole (DA, 27 subjects). Participants were actively monitored for adverse events (AE) for two days after treatment by nurses and physicians who were masked regarding treatment assignments. Passive monitoring was performed by clinical teams that visited participant’s home villages for an additional five days. Microfilaremia was assessed by membrane filtration of 1 ml night blood at baseline, at 24h and one year after treatment. IDA was more effective than DA for completely clearing Mf at 24 hours (25/28, 89% vs. 8/27, 30%, P < 0.001). By 12 months after treatment, only one of 27 IDA recipients had Mf in their blood (4%) vs. 10 of 25 (40%) in persons treated with DA (P = 0.002). Approximately 90% of participants had antibodies to recombinant filarial antigen BmR1 at baseline. Antibody prevalence decreased to approximately 30% in both treatment groups at 12 months. About 45% of persons in both treatment groups experienced AE such as fever, muscle aches, lower back, joint and abdominal pain. These were mostly mild and most common during the first two days after treatment. No participant experienced a severe or serious AE. This study showed that IDA was well-tolerated and significantly more effective for clearing B . timori Mf from the blood than DA. Larger studies should be performed to further assess the safety and efficacy of IDA as a mass drug administration regimen to eliminate brugian filariasis. Trial Registration: NCT02899936 .

BackgroundBrugia malayi is the most common cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. A zoophilic ecotype that infects both humans and animals occur in Belitung District in Indonesia. The district received five annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) between 2006 and 2010 and passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in subsequent years. However, a survey in five villages in 2021 showed a microfilaria (Mf) prevalence of 2.1% in humans. The reappearance of B. malayi infection in humans may be due to reintroduction from animal reservoirs. The goal of this study was to determine B. malayi prevalence in potential reservoir hosts and to improve the identification of filarial Mf found in animals.Methodology/principal findingsVenous blood was collected from 291 cats, 41 dogs, and 163 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from areas with and without human B. malayi infection. B. malayi Mf were detected by microscopy in 1.4%, 7.3% and 13.5% of the samples, respectively. The geometric mean Mf density varied from 133 Mf/mL(dogs) to 255 Mf/mL (macaques). While Brugia Mf were easily differentiated from Dirofilaria Mf by microscopy, the morphological differentiation between B. malayi and B. pahangi was not reliable. qPCR detected B. malayi DNA in blood from 4.1% of cats, 2.4% dogs, and 13.5% macaques. In addition, infections or co-infection with B. pahangi (cats, dogs) or D. immitis (dogs) were detected. A novel Dirofilaria species was morphologically identified in 20.3% of macaques.Conclusions/significanceMicroscopy was less accurate for detection and species identification of Mf than qPCR. The presence of B. malayi Mf in animals represents a challenge for the elimination of LF in some areas in Indonesia. More research is needed to better understand B. malayi transmission between animals and humans in endemic areas like Belitung where routine MDA may not be sufficient to eliminate LF.

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world. However, only 17.4% of it can be collected and recycled in 2019. This study aims to formulate strategies to improve the supply chain of e-waste management in Indonesia. Methods used to develop strategies in this study are the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), the Analytical Network Process (ANP), Strength–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats (SWOT), and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results show that infrastructure criteria have the largest weight, that is 0.267, followed by a social environment with 0.261, regulation with 0.244, stakeholder with 0.122, and economy with 0.054. The top priority of the selected strategies is to improve public education (ST1) and provide socialization of regulations and sanctions to the public (ST2).

The main component of the main mixture of hot asphalt is aggregate ie 90% - 95% of the total weight of the mixture. Aggregates on each quarry will result in different porosity values. Pekanbaru City still uses the aggregate of a local quarry that is aggregate of quarry Koto Kampar, Ujung Batu, and Sand Pengaraian, on the implementation of small-scale roadworks project. The aggregate physical properties will affect the results of Marshall testing in asphalt mixtures one of them is VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate). The purpose of this study to determine the effect of aggregate physical properties on VMA values. The method used is laboratory testing, by testing the aggregate type and marshall testing. The results obtained by an aggregate bulk density of each quarry are Pasir Pangaraian 2.589, Ujung Batu 2.580, and Koto Kampar 2.578. The Marshall test for VMA is Pasir Pangaraian 15.04%, Ujung Batu 15.07%, and Koto Kampar 15.47%. The conclusion is that bulk aggregate bulk value values influence VMA value. The higher the aggregate bulk value then the VMA value will be small.

Research into converting solar light energy into electricity using so-called photovoltaic (PV) technology or solar cells (SCs) was started a long time ago. However, most developing countries tend to lag behind. The present work delivers a bibliometric mapping analysis of 30 years of Indonesian solar energy research papers in the Scopus database. A multidisciplinary point of view is used to cover the findings comprehensively, highlighting the emerging gaps, orientation, and promising future research that will benefit many researchers, governments, and industry. Two essential keywords, “photovoltaic” and “solar cell”, were used to harvest the data. A total of 1886 documents were finally investigated. The VOSviewer was utilized as a proper complement for visualizing and analyzing the publication trends based on the keywords and authorships. Many aspects of solar research have been explored, including the basic science of semiconductors, simulation, lab-scale device fabrication, and the application of technologies and policies. The findings show that the two keywords determined the research characteristics. It also reveals that the geographical location had a remarkable impact on publication distribution. The most striking result is that a minimum of 1146 documents are centralized on Java Island. In addition, the policies related to renewable energy show a strong impact: two years after the policies were announced, the publications exhibited a two-fold increase. The results also suggest that future research should focus on the increasingly significant domestic component of silicon-based solar cells, the various multidisciplinary approaches for making PV utilization more affordable, and on shifting towards the use of perovskite solar cells. Solid national and international collaboration should be continued for the sustainability of Indonesian solar energy research.