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"Caesar, Julius"
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The war for Gaul : a new translation
Imagine a book about an unnecessary war written by the ruthless general of an occupying army - a vivid and dramatic propaganda piece that forces the reader to identify with the conquerors and that is designed, like the war itself, to fuel the limitless political ambitions of the author. Could such a campaign autobiography ever be a great work of literature - perhaps even one of the greatest? It would be easy to think not, but such a book exists -and it helped transform Julius Caesar from a politician on the make into the Caesar of legend. This remarkable new translation of Caesar's famous but underappreciated War for Gaul captures, like never before in English, the gripping and powerfully concise style of the future emperor's dispatches from the front lines in what are today France, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland. While letting Caesar tell his battle stories in his own way, distinguished classicist James O'Donnell also fills in the rest of the story in a substantial introduction and notes that together explain why Gaul is the \"best bad man's book ever written\" - a great book in which a genuinely bad person offers a bald-faced, amoral description of just how bad he has been. Complete with a chronology, a map of Gaul, suggestions for further reading, and an index, this feature-rich edition captures the forceful austerity of a troubling yet magnificent classic - a book that, as O'Donnell says, \"gets war exactly right and morals exactly wrong.\"
Book
Space–time prediction of residual chlorine in a water distribution network using artificial intelligence and the EPANET hydraulic model
Insufficient knowledge of physical models and difficulty in fitting statistical models impair the choice of models to regulate residual chlorine in water distribution. This paper compared the performance of physical and statistical models in predicting residual chlorine concentrations in drinking water distribution. Drinking water was sampled from the downstream 128 water points water pipeline. Online chlorine concentrations were determined at water draw-off points. EPANET, the physical model, was used because of its efficiency in tracking dissolved chemicals. Statistical models used were regression, decision tree, random forest and artificial neural network. In the whole distribution network, the artificial neural network performed at R2 of 94%, multi-linear regression (62%), random forest (55%), decision tree (41%), and EPANET (24%). However, EPANET yielded improved performance with R2 above 70% when separately applied to individual sub-distribution networks; hence, is recommended for secondary chlorination in small distribution networks. For modelling large distribution networks, statistical models, especially an artificial neural network, are recommended. However, such cases still need support from confirmatory systems of interpretable parametric or hydraulic models that can achieve good performance with R2 ≥ 80%. Water utilities can use these results to deploy model(s) for managing residual chlorine within safe limits of residual chlorine concentration in water distribution practice.
Journal Article
Civil war
This edition of the Civil War replaces the earlier Loeb Classical Library edition by A.G. Peskett (1914) with new text, translation, introduction, and bibliography.
Book
Effect of local laser surface texturing on tribological performance of injection cam
The camshaft is a crucial component of an engine’s valve train. This paper devotes to the experimental studies of the performance of laser surface textured (LST) camshaft. The first part experiment was carried out on the block-on-ring tester to investigate the tribological behaviors of textured surface in line contact. The area density of the textured dimples was in the range 3–40% with depths 5–24 μm and diameter 70 μm. The friction coefficient and wear tracks were analyzed to confirm the optimum textured patterns. After that, the local LST cams (textured on the lifting region) were further tested in a single-cylinder diesel. It was found that after 300 h durability test at the rated speed and load, the total lifting loss of cams decreased nearly 34.4% in maximum. In addition, the performance of the engine was not affected evidently. The enhanced lubricity and local hardening were two mechanisms for highly promoting the anti-wear property of the LST cams.
Journal Article
Laser processing parameter optimization and tribological characteristics of different surface treatment
The laser surface processing parameters and tribological properties of a textured surface filled with Gr-MoS
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-PI-carbon nanotube nanocomposite solid lubricant under oil lubrication were investigated. Micro-dimples were fabricated on GCr15-bearing steel material using Gaussian-shaped beam profile nanosecond semiconductor sound and light-pumped Nd:YAG laser machining equipment. Friction and wear tests were performed using MMW-1A testing machine with the flat-on-flat configuration under different conditions in air. The results show that micro-dimple morphology is affected strongly by the laser head to sample surface distance, pulse repetition frequency, and single pulse energy. Additionally, the textured surface filled with solid lubricant (TSL) exhibited an enhanced tribological performance as compared to the textured (T) and smooth (S) surfaces under dry friction condition. In the oil medium, the efficiency of the textured surface (TO) was 18%, while the textured surface filled with solid lubricant (TSO) was 22% as compared to the plateau smooth surface (SO). Furthermore, under different conditions of load and rotational speed, the solid-oil composite lubricating film effectively reduces the friction and wear on the surface of the sample. The research results identified that the good lubrication and anti-wear properties of the TSO sample were mainly attributed to the double-action lubrication system and synergistic lubricating effect generated by the composite solid lubricant and oil.
Journal Article
Evolution of Surface Engineering Technology in Cylinder Liner‐Piston Ring System of Internal Combustion Engines
Enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines is vital for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. The cylinder liner–piston ring interface is a major contributor to engine friction, accounting for nearly 45% of total mechanical losses. Surface engineering technologies offer an effective pathway to reduce friction and wear at this interface, improving overall efficiency and supporting cleaner engine operation. This paper synthesizes key advancements in surface engineering for cylinder liner–piston ring systems, focusing on surface texturing, coating technologies, synergistic treatments, and material innovations. It reviews findings from finite element simulations and laboratory studies on how texture geometry, morphology, and distribution influence tribological behavior. The discussion covers a range of coating solutions, including wear‐resistant films, thermal barrier layers, metal matrix composites, diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings, nanocomposites, and ceramic coatings produced through advanced techniques such as atmospheric plasma spraying, high‐velocity oxygen fuel spraying, and laser cladding. The synergistic integration of surface texturing with coatings is examined to illustrate its combined effect on reducing friction and enhancing durability. The paper concludes by identifying current challenges in applying these technologies and outlining future research directions aimed at developing greener and more efficient internal combustion engines. A comprehensive synthesis of laser surface texturing, coating technologies and materials selection applied to cylinder liner‐piston ring systems, highlighting their evolution and impact on tribological performance and engine performance.
Journal Article
يوليوس قيصر
مسرحية تراجيدية للكاتب الإنجليزي وليم شكسبير. تتكون من 5 فصول. استمد شكسبير موضوعها وحوادثها من حياة يوليوس قيصر وماركوس أنطونيوس. أثارت انتصارات (يوليوس قيصر) الأخيرة إعجاب سكان (روما) وفخرهم ؛ فخرجوا للطرقات والميادين العامة محتفلين وقد ارتدوا أفضل ملابسهم وكأنه العيد وتزينت الشوارع لاستقبال الفاتح العظيم ؛ الأمر الذي أزكى من النيران المستعرة في قلوب حساده من أعضاء (مجلس الشيوخ) والذين رأوا في قيصر ديكتاتورا قد بالغ القوم في تقدير فضله. واستغل هو حب الجماهير وتقديرهم له فزاد من سلطاته ليحكم قبضته أكثر على (روما) ؛ الأمر الذي لم يجعل لهم خيارا سوى أن ينهوا حياته، فتآمر عليه الجميع، حتى أخلص قادته وأحبهم إليه (بروتاس) وتربصوا به خارج (الكابيتول)، حيث تناوبوا عليه بالطعن ؛ ليسقط غارقا في دمائه في مشهد رهيب.
Book
Experimental Optimization of High-precision Turning Parameters of AL6061 Materials for Automotive Industry Based on Grey Relational Analysis
This research article aims to explore the relationship between the machining parameters of a Slant Bed Turning Centre Computer Numerical Control (SB/C/CNC) precision lathe and surface microhardness, dimensional error and surface roughness of AL6061. A technique called the central composite design (CCD) method with 13 experiments was used to evaluate the surface microhardness, dimensional error, and surface roughness after a turning operation using a micro-grooved texture tool. Separate prediction models were developed for each of these characteristics using the response surface method (RSM) in order to find the optimal process parameters for each characteristic. The analysis of variance revealed that the prediction models for surface microhardness, dimensional error, and surface roughness were highly significant, with p-values less than 0.0001. The process parameters that resulted in the highest surface microhardness were a cutting speed (Vc) of 154.363 m/min and a feed rate (fz) of 0.231 mm/rev. On the other hand, the process parameters that led to the lowest dimensional error and surface roughness were Vc = 154.363 m/min, fz = 0.1389 mm/rev, and Vc = 152.081 m/min, fz = 0.1025 mm/rev, respectively. The multi-objective prediction model based on gray relational analysis showed an error range of 1.5% to 3.1% and a minimum gray relational degree value of 0.3503 within the feasible process parameter range. The accuracy of this multi-objective prediction model was higher, with a stronger response to the cutting speed Vc compared to the feed rate fz. The determined feasible process parameter range serves as a useful reference for engineers working with AL6061 materials in turning operations.
Journal Article