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Bacterial infection in skin and soft tissue has emerged as a critical concern. Overreliance on antibiotic therapy has led to numerous challenges, including the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and adverse drug reactions. It is imperative to develop non-antibiotic treatment strategies that not only exhibit potent antibacterial properties but also promote rapid wound healing and demonstrate biocompatibility. Herein, a novel multimodal synergistic antibacterial system (SNO-CS@MoS 2 ) was developed. This system employs easily surface-modified thin-layer MoS 2 as photothermal agents and loaded with S-nitrosothiol-modified chitosan (SNO-CS) via electrostatic interactions, thus realizing the combination of NO gas therapy and photothermal therapy (PTT). Furthermore, this surface modification renders SNO-CS@MoS 2 highly stable and capable of binding with bacteria. Through PTT’s thermal energy, SNO-CS@MoS 2 rapidly generates massive NO, collaborating with PTT to achieve antibacterial effects. This synergistic therapy can swiftly disrupt the bacterial membrane, causing protein leakage and ATP synthesis function damage, ultimately eliminating bacteria. Notably, after effectively eliminating all bacteria, the residual SNO-CS@MoS 2 can create trace NO to promote fibroblast migration, proliferation, and vascular regeneration, thereby accelerating wound healing. This study concluded that SNO-CS@MoS 2 , a novel multifunctional nanomaterial with outstanding antibacterial characteristics and potential to promote wound healing, has promising applications in infected soft tissue wound treatment.

The treatment of diabetic periodontitis poses a significant challenge due to the presence of local inflammation characterized by excessive glucose concentration, bacterial infection, and high oxidative stress. Herein, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are embellished with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and loaded with manganese carbonyl to prepare a carbon monoxide (CO) enhanced multienzyme cooperative hybrid nanoplatform (MSN‐Au@CO). The Glucose‐like oxidase activity of Au NPs catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid，and then converts H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by peroxidase‐like activity to destroy bacteria. Moreover, CO production in response to H2O2, together with Au NPs exhibited a synergistic anti‐inflammatory effect in macrophages challenged by lipopolysaccharides. The underlying mechanism can be the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 to reduce reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa‐B signaling to diminish inflammatory response. Importantly, the antibacterial and anti‐inflammation effects of MSN‐Au@CO are validated in diabetic rats with ligature‐induced periodontitis by showing decreased periodontal bone loss with good biocompatibility. To summarize, MSN‐Au@CO is fabricate to utilize glucose‐activated cascade reaction to eliminate bacteria, and synergize with gas therapy to regulate the immune microenvironment, offering a potential direction for the treatment of diabetic periodontitis. MSN‐Au@CO nanozymes are designed with enzyme‐like cascade reactions and resultant carbon monoxide (CO) gas release ability. The MSN‐Au@CO nanozymes consume glucose to generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that kill bacteria, and the resultant CO can synergistically enhance MSN‐Au to inhibit inflammation through Nrf2 and NF‐κB signaling. The anti‐bacterial and anti‐inflammation effects of MSN‐Au@CO show excellent efficacy in the treatment of periodontitis in diabetic rats.

Background MYB transcription factors play critical roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in medicinal plants and are crucial for abiotic stress responses. However, no studies have identified BcMYB genes in Bupleurum chinense DC. or analyzed their expression profiling under temperature stress. The role of BcMYB in ​ B. chinense ’s response to temperature stress and its regulation of saikosaponins synthesis remains unclear. Results This study performed a genome-wide identification of the BcMYB gene family in B. chinense using its genomic data, and analyzed the changes in saikosaponins content, physiological indicators, and BcMYB expression patterns under temperature stress, along with their correlations with saikosaponin biosynthesis. A total of 85 BcMYBs genes were identified, classified into four subfamilies, with amino acid lengths ranging from 306 to 482 aa and relative molecular masses between 23,710.84 and 53,062.36. Except for BcMYB10 and BcMYB50 , all other BcMYB genes were localized in the nucleus. Most BcMYB promoter regions contained low-temperature and drought-responsive elements. BcMYB genes underwent strong purifying selection after duplication. Short-term temperature stress (6 days) significantly stimulated saikosaponins synthesis: Ss-a content increased by 94% under low temperature (15 °C) and 34% under high temperature (35 °C), accompanied by elevated antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD: 58%, POD: 41%) and MDA accumulation. Temperature stress predominantly upregulated upstream genes in the saikosaponins biosynthesis pathway (1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) , 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) , Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IDI) , 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) ), while mid- and downstream genes (Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) , β-Amyrin synthase (β-AS) , Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450-1 P450-8) ) were more responsive to high temperature. BcMYB28 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 68 , and 79 were significantly upregulated under both low and high temperatures ( p  < 0.05), whereas BcMYB25 and 56 were specifically induced by low temperature. BcMYB25 , 28 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 56 , 68 , and 79 demonstrated strong connectivity and correlations with saikosaponins biosynthesis genes and saikosaponins content. Conclusions The physiological responses of B. chinense to temperature stress and its secondary metabolic regulatory network exhibit dynamic synergistic characteristics. BcMYB , a critical transcription factor in B. chinense , plays a pivotal role in adapting to temperature fluctuations under temperature stress. This transcription factor may participate in establishing a “temperature signal-regulatory gene-metabolite” cascade regulatory network, thereby modulating the synthesis of saikosaponins in B. chinense . In agricultural practices, harvesting B. chinense after gradual cooling and exposure to low-temperature conditions for 6–12 days significantly enhances medicinal material quality.

From childhood to adolescence, the structural organization of the human brain undergoes dynamic and regionally heterogeneous changes across multiple scales, from synapses to macroscale white matter pathways. However, during this period, the developmental process of multiscale structural architecture, its association with cortical morphological changes, and its role in the maturation of functional organization remain largely unknown. Here, using two independent multimodal imaging developmental datasets aged 6–14 years, we investigated developmental process of multiscale cortical organization by constructing an in vivo multiscale structural connectome model incorporating white matter tractography, cortico–cortical proximity, and microstructural similarity. By employing the gradient mapping method, the principal gradient derived from the multiscale structural connectome effectively recapitulated the sensory-association axis. Our findings revealed a continuous expansion of the multiscale structural gradient space during development, characterized by enhanced differentiation between primary sensory and higher-order transmodal regions along the principal gradient. This age-related differentiation paralleled regionally heterogeneous changes in cortical morphology. Furthermore, the developmental changes in coupling between multiscale structural and functional connectivity were correlated with functional specialization refinement, as evidenced by changes in the participation coefficient. Notably, the differentiation of the principal multiscale structural gradient was associated with improved cognitive abilities, such as enhanced working memory and attention performance, and potentially underpinned by synaptic and hormone-related biological processes. These findings advance our understanding of the intricate maturation process of brain structural organization and its implications for cognitive performance.

•R2SNs were constructed within a longitudinal dataset spanning late childhood to early adolescence.•The local segregation index was defined to quantify regional-level segregation of R2SNs.•The global-level segregation of R2SNs increased.•The segregation of R2SNs was associated with executive function independent of age.•Development of R2SN was correlated with the expression of genes involved in development-related processes. Brain development is characterized by an increase in structural and functional segregation, which supports the specialization of cognitive processes within the context of network neuroscience. In this study, we investigated age-related changes in morphological segregation using individual Regional Radiomics Similarity Networks (R2SNs) constructed with a longitudinal dataset of 494 T1-weighted MR scans from 309 typically developing children aged 6.2 to 13 years at baseline. Segertation indices were defined as the relative difference in connectivity strengths within and between modules and cacluated at the global, system and local levels. Linear mixed-effect models revealed longitudinal increases in both global and system segregation indices, particularly within the limbic and dorsal attention network, and decreases within the ventral attention network. Superior performance in working memory and inhibitory control was associated with higher system-level segregation indices in default, frontoparietal, ventral attention, somatomotor and subcortical systems, and lower local segregation indices in visual network regions, regardless of age. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis revealed correlations between age-related changes in local segregation indices and regional expression levels of genes related to developmental processes. These findings provide novel insights into typical brain developmental changes using R2SN-derived segregation indices, offering a valuable tool for understanding human brain structural and cognitive maturation.

The lifespan growth of the functional connectome remains unknown. Here, we assemble task-free functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 33,250 individuals aged 32 postmenstrual weeks to 80 years from 132 global sites. We report critical inflection points in the nonlinear growth curves of the global mean and variance of the connectome, peaking in the late fourth and late third decades of life, respectively. After constructing a fine-grained, lifespan-wide suite of system-level brain atlases, we show distinct maturation timelines for functional segregation within different systems. Lifespan growth of regional connectivity is organized along a primary-to-association cortical axis. These connectome-based normative models reveal substantial individual heterogeneities in functional brain networks in patients with autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. These findings elucidate the lifespan evolution of the functional connectome and can serve as a normative reference for quantifying individual variation in development, aging, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

From childhood to adolescence, the structural organization of the human brain undergoes dynamic and regionally heterogeneous changes across multiple scales, from synaptic pruning to the reorganization of large-scale anatomical wiring. However, during this period, the developmental process of multiscale structural architecture, its association with cortical morphological changes, and its role in the maturation of functional organization remain largely unknown. Here, we utilized a longitudinal multimodal imaging dataset including 276 children aged 6 to 14 years to investigate the developmental process of multiscale cortical wiring. We used an in vivo model of cortical wiring that combines features of white matter tractography, cortico–cortical proximity, and microstructural similarity to construct a multiscale brain structural connectome. By employing the gradient mapping method, the gradient space derived from the multiscale structural connectome effectively recapitulated the sensory-association axis and anterior-posterior axis. Our findings revealed a continuous expansion of the multiscale structural gradient space during development, with the principal gradient increasingly distinguishing between primary and transmodal regions. This age-related differentiation coincided with regionally heterogeneous changes in cortical morphology. Furthermore, our study revealed that developmental changes in coupling between multiscale structural and functional connectivity were correlated with functional specialization refinement, as evidenced by changes in the participation coefficient. We also found that the differentiation of the principal multiscale structural gradient was associated with improved cognitive abilities, such as enhanced working memory and attention performance, and potentially supported by molecular processes related to synaptic functions. These findings advance our understanding of the intricate maturation process of brain structural organization and its implications for cognitive performance.