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مارسبل بروست يقول \"رحلة الاكتشاف الحقيقية تتكون ليست في رؤية مشاهد طبيعية جديدة ولكن في امتلاك عيون جديدة\". هذه هي الروح التي كتبنا بها هذا الكتاب لنعزز ليس الاهتمام بالسلوك البشري فقط ولكن أيضا تقدير المنظور الذي يتخدذه عالم النفس. وكما أشرنا في المقدمة - علم نفس الدراسة التأملية - هناك فرق كبير بين التجريب والتأمل في التجربة (1994, Norman .(بالنسبة لجون ديوي (1910, Dewey ،(التفكير التأملي Thinking Reflective هو \"إمعان النظر النشط، والمستمر، والحذر في أي معتقد أو شكل مفترض من المعرفة في ضوء الأسس التي تدعمه، والاستنتاج اللاحق الذي يميل تجاهه\". ومنظور عالم النفس يتضمن بالطبع التأمل في السلوك البشري بمجموعة مختلفة من الطرق. وعندما يأتي الأمر إلى دراسة علم النفس تتطلب المعرفة التأملية التفكير بإيجابية \"حول\" ما قرأته للتو، وهو ما ينمتج عنه فهما وذاكرة أعمق. رجاء حاول إلقاء نظرة على مقدمتنا لأنها تشرح لطلابك ببعض التفصيل كيف يصبحون طلاباً أكثر تأملية ، فإننا نشجعك على أن تقرر وتفصل كيف يستطيعون استخلاص أكبر قدر من الفائدة من هذا الكتاب. وإذا كان ممكناً قراءتها على طلابك كواجب للمقرر. وفي كل أنحاء هذا الكتاب، حاولنا انتقاء فقط \"أفضل\" المواد من الموضوعات الكثيرة التي يمكن تقديمها. ومع ذلك، يغطي الكتاب ليس فقط قلب علم النفس، ولكن أيضاً موضوعات كثيرة في طليعة المعارف ً على التطبيقات العملية لعلم النفس، والأهمية للعلم العصبي، وثراء التنوع البشري. وفي كل أنحاء الحالية، وتتضمن تركيزا الإصدار الرابع عشر تظهر المعلومات، وقصص، ومنظورات جديدة. النتيجة هي كتاب دراسي إنجازي والذي يتمتع بكونه سهل القراءة، وسلس، وملئ بالمعلومات، ومحفز. وفي نفس الوقت، هذا الكتاب مبني ليساعد الطلاب في تدعيم مهارات التعلم الفعالة وأن يصبحوا مفكرين ناقدين أفضل. بدون هذه المهارات، لا يستطيع الطلاب أن يذهبوا - كما عبر عنها جيروم برونر (1973, Bruner\" - (لأبعد من المعلومة المقدمة\"

A stochastic model based on the Langevin equation was used to describe crack paths in composites. A single crack path in a fiberglass reinforced epoxy matrix composite was used to predict Langevin parameters quantifying architectural drift and material variability. The predicted Langevin parameters were consistent with moderate architectural drift (Langevin drift parameter of 0.04 ± 0.02) and moderate material variability (Langevin variability parameter of 0.05 ± 0.03). These Langevin parameters were then used to predict a family of crack paths exhibiting the same stochastic characteristics as the original crack path. Architectural drift was qualitatively related to the orientation of the reinforcing phase. A strong correlation between the predicted and experimental crack path suggests the utility of the Langevin model to quantify crack paths.

Many universities and colleges are faced with declining numbers of potential engineering students. In Wyoming, this is due to a declining number of high school graduates as well as potential students not being aware of the engineering career field. We have met this challenge with a variety of awareness and recruiting programs. A common thread in these efforts is a hands-on laboratory program in digital design fundamentals. This program exposes students to the exciting world of engineering, Boolean logic, and fundamental design principles. This low cost program consists of a series of theory modules coupled with a hands-on laboratory component. We have purposely developed laboratory modules using low cost, readily available components and test equipment. This approach has been used for the past five years with a middle school girls program, science and engineering summer programs for high school juniors and seniors, K-12 teacher enrichment programs, and also freshmen orientation to electrical and computer engineering programs. In this paper we will describe the modular approach, the low cost laboratory exercises, and also the success of using this approach to attract students to careers in the engineering and science. Overview Many colleges and universities are faced with declining numbers of graduating high school seniors. This body of students is the primary source of future undergraduate engineering students. At the University of Wyoming, there are many different programs to attract students to the university as well as the study of engineering. A brief summary of each of these programs are provided below. Summer High School Institute (HSI): The mission of HSI is to provide a place where some of Wyoming’s most intellectually talented high school sophomores can gather before their junior and senior years, living and studying in an environment with no pressure for grades, and sharing ideas and friendship with other gifted students. The primary purpose of the program is to annually draw 100 talented high school sophomore students to the university for an intensive examination of unanswered questions and unresolved challenges. Among the areas that are probed include: world hunger, plants and people, knights and cowboys, drama, ethics and society, communicating with computers, understanding cultural development, pharmacy, fundamentals of computer design and programming, and the links between life and the arts. The goal is not to require students to learn another body of knowledge and pass yet another test. It is, rather to challenge imaginations, focus diverse disciplines on specific issues or problems, and integrate various individual talents into a larger perspective. In the process it is hoped that the selected high school students achieve their academic and personal potential by cultivating their leadership capabilities; to expanding their horizons, developing their adaptability, creativity, and critical thinking

The constant moment double cantilever beam technique was used to characterize stress intensity-crack velocity behavior of sodium-aluminosilicate glasses. The slow crack growth behavior at velocities less than 10('-4) m/s exhibited three trends: Region 1 behavior, stress intensity independent plateaus at low velocity, and a static fatigue limit. The N parameter, which ranged from 17 to 23, was used to characterize Region 1 behavior. It was predicted that the N parameter varies directly with Young's elastic modulus, and a good correlation was observed for sodium-aluminosilicate, soda-lime-silica, and fused silica glasses. A stress intensity independent plateau was observed at stress intensities less than 0.35 MPa(.)m('1/2) and at velocities of 10('-9) and 10('-8) m/s when Na(,2)O(.)3SiO(,2) glass was tested in water and 10('-3) M NaOH (pH 11), respectively. The occurrence of plateaus was related to charged fracture surfaces resulting from corrosion of those surfaces by the aqueous environment. A static fatigue limit was observed for each specimen. Aging specimens at stress intensities below the observed static fatigue limit resulted in a time delay to crack elongation as that specimen was reloaded to levels above the static fatigue limit. A model was developed which predicts such a relationship based on crack healing during aging under load. It was shown that the aging behavior of sodium-aluminosilicate and soda-lime-silica glass specimens was accurately predicted by the model.

Background Chile peppers ( Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum . Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper cultivars showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K  = 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08 %). Extensive LD decay (~ 5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genome wide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions Genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers was evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

To identify pan-ancestry and ancestry-specific loci associated with attempting suicide among veterans, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of suicide attempts within a large, multi-ancestry cohort of U.S. veterans enrolled in the Million Veterans Program (MVP). Cases were defined as veterans with a documented history of suicide attempts in the electronic health record (EHR; N = 14,089) and controls were defined as veterans with no documented history of suicidal thoughts or behaviors in the EHR (N = 395,064). GWAS was performed separately in each ancestry group, controlling for sex, age and genetic substructure. Pan-ancestry risk loci were identified through meta-analysis and included two genome-wide significant loci on chromosomes 20 (p = 3.64 × 10−9) and 1 (p = 3.69 × 10−8). A strong pan-ancestry signal at the Dopamine Receptor D2 locus (p = 1.77 × 10−7) was also identified and subsequently replicated in a large, independent international civilian cohort (p = 7.97 × 10−4). Additionally, ancestry-specific genome-wide significant loci were also detected in African-Americans, European-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Hispanic-Americans. Pathway analyses suggested over-representation of many biological pathways with high clinical significance, including oxytocin signaling, glutamatergic synapse, cortisol synthesis and secretion, dopaminergic synapse, and circadian rhythm. These findings confirm that the genetic architecture underlying suicide attempt risk is complex and includes both pan-ancestry and ancestry-specific risk loci. Moreover, pathway analyses suggested many commonly impacted biological pathways that could inform development of improved therapeutics for suicide prevention.

Background Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is a major disease affecting Capsicum production worldwide. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the hybridization between ‘Criollo de Morellos-334’ (CM-334), a resistant landrace from Mexico, and ‘Early Jalapeno’, a susceptible cultivar was genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A GBS-SNP based genetic linkage map for the RIL population was constructed. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping dissected the genetic architecture of P. capsici resistance and candidate genes linked to resistance for this important disease were identified. Results Development of a genetic linkage map using 1,973 GBS-derived polymorphic SNP markers identified 12 linkage groups corresponding to the 12 chromosomes of chile pepper, with a total length of 1,277.7 cM and a marker density of 1.5 SNP/cM. The maximum gaps between consecutive SNP markers ranged between 1.9 (LG7) and 13.5 cM (LG5). Collinearity between genetic and physical positions of markers reached a maximum of 0.92 for LG8. QTL mapping identified genomic regions associated with P. capsici resistance in chromosomes P5, P8, and P9 that explained between 19.7 and 30.4% of phenotypic variation for resistance. Additive interactions between QTL in chromosomes P5 and P8 were observed. The role of chromosome P5 as major genomic region containing P. capsici resistance QTL was established. Through candidate gene analysis, biological functions associated with response to pathogen infections, regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation were identified. Conclusions Results support the genetic complexity of the P. capsici – Capsicum pathosystem and the possible role of epigenetics in conferring resistance to Phytophthora root rot. Significant genomic regions and candidate genes associated with disease response and gene regulatory activity were identified which allows for a deeper understanding of the genomic landscape of Phytophthora root rot resistance in chile pepper.