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37 result(s) for "Enoch, Marcus"
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Understanding acceptance of autonomous vehicles in Japan, UK, and Germany
This paper investigates the acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Japan, the UK and Germany and speculates on the implications for policy and practice. Three on-line surveys of 3,000 members of the public in total, which were conducted in January 2017 (Japan), March 2018 (UK) and November/December 2018 (Germany) were analysed using Principal Component Analysis and then with an Ordered Logit Model. It finds that acceptance of AVs was higher amongst people with higher expectations of the benefits of AVs, those with less knowledge of AVs, and those with lower perceptions of risk. It also finds frequent drivers and car passengers to be more accepting, but that socio-economic factors were mostly insignificant. Finally, there were significant cultural differences between the levels of acceptance between Japan (broadly positive), the UK (broadly neutral) and Germany (broadly negative). These findings suggest that AV promoters should raise (or at least maintain) expectations of AVs among the public; engage with the public to reverse the negative perception of AVs; address AV-generated fears; not bother targeting people by socio-economic group; target frequent car drivers and passengers with information about what AVs could do for them; and target countries where AVs already enjoy a positive image.
Process mapping for road works planning and coordination
PurposeDiminishing local government budgets and the need to reduce highway works activities necessitate cost effective and efficient processes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate streamlining road works administrative processes to enhance coordinated working at Derby City Council.Design/methodology/approachCase study research of a local authority was undertaken using business process mapping. Specifically, Swimlane analysis enabled re-engineering of business processes from design stage, to works permit issuance. Process improvement recommendations were validated by nine industry experts through a focus group and semi-structured interviews. A logic map was developed for transferability to other councils, identifying key attributes for a successful administrative road works management process.FindingsResearch revealed inherent silo working and processes built around fragmented IT systems creating process inefficiency. Validation found numerous practices and management styles were culturally embedded and common across councils. Peer reviewed recommendations are made to improve working practices, including improving IT systems, removing process bottlenecks, and training staff.Research limitations/implicationsWhilst road works management policy is generally under-researched, its strategic and negative impacts are widely acknowledged. This study highlights the day-to-day operational problems which are interconnected to the strategic impact, bridging an important gap in knowledge, as well as adding to business process re-engineering literature.Originality/valueThe research adds to a limited body of road works management policy research, and also presents a high-level logic map for councils to adopt as appropriate.
Quantifying the impacts of subsidy policies on home-to-school pupil travel by bus in England
In the current economic climate, the British Government is revising a whole range of policy sectors to highlight areas where savings and cuts can be made. The policy of subsidising home-to-school transport for pupils who live beyond a set distance from the school which they attend has been in place since 1944 and this policy costs local authorities in England over £1 billion a year. The aim of this paper is to examine the outcomes of policy choices facing Government relating to subsidising the transport of pupils travelling between home and school. Specifically, the paper employs a multilevel modelling technique to develop a series of relationships between bus usage by school and the level of spending by local education authorities on home-to-school bus travel provision while controlling for other factors such as school quality, land-use patterns and various proxies for household incomes. The results suggest that there is a differential effect of funding on the total school-level bus mileage for primary (aged <11), secondary (aged 11–16) and post 16 schools. It is found that if local authority school budgets for bus travel provision were removed, then school-level bus mileage in England would decrease by 16, 27 and 10 % for primary, secondary and post 16 schools respectively. It is hoped that the results of the study will help inform practitioners and policy makers to select the policy responses that are most appropriate.
Island Transport, Car Ownership and Use: A Focus on Practices in Cuba, Malta, Mauritius and Singapore
Car ownership is growing in many countries and this growth results in further car use and increasing emissions – a trend diametrically opposed to a reduction of transport energy and longer term sustainability targets, and a problem that is particularly acute in island states across the world. The aim of this paper is to consider how various contextual factors influence the development of transport systems in four island states. Within this, the paper seeks to explore how transport systems have developed in Cuba, Mauritius, Malta and Singapore. The paper finds that a number of contextual factors have combined to result in four rather interesting transport outcomes.
Unfare Solutions
Transport policy is an increasingly difficult area for all national governments and regional/local authorities. Tackling car use and realising a sustainable transport system appears to be very difficult. Developing public transport is seen as an increasingly important element in improving the transport system, especially in densely populated areas. At the same time however, governments are under increasing pressure to cut taxation. As a result there is a growing gap between increasing policy need for public transport and government resources to fund that need. This timely book explores one solution to this dilemma, which is the use of local charges and taxes dedicated to support public transport. Unfare Solutions examines how and why such charges have evolved and how they do (or do not) relate to modern transport policy developments and theory. It shows innovative funding techniques developed by both public transport providers and federal and local authorities. Introductory Preface 1. Transport in a Sustainable Society 2. New Finance for Public Transport 4. Polluter Pays 5. Spreading the Burden 6. Evaluating LETs 7. LETs it be. Index.
Factors Affecting Propensity to Lift-Share for Children’s Activities
Research Problem: Families with children travel by car more frequently than any other household type and hence significantly contribute to transport externalities. Lift-sharing is a potential time-effective and convenient means of mitigating these effects. Whilst some research has been conducted on lift-sharing for the school run, there is little research beyond this context, particularly around lift-sharing for children’s activities (e.g., sport). Study Aim: Consequently, the aim of this study was to assess the current prevalence of lift-sharing (for children’s activities and other types of trips) in families with young children, the factors influencing its uptake, the experiences and attitudes of regular lift-sharers, and whether previous literature findings on reciprocity applied in this context to gain a deeper understanding of how and why families participate in activity lift-sharing. Research Design: A mixed-methods approach was applied, comprising (1) a travel survey of 474 families to establish socio-demographic and activity factors that influence lift-share prevalence for activity trips; and (2) 15 semi-structured interviews with parents to further explore how and why families participate in activity lift-sharing. Results: Factors influencing lift-sharing decisions for activity travel were number of cars owned, number of seats in the car, settlement type, income, time of day and location of the activity, number of children attending, parking availability, whether the activity is a sporting activity or not, and number of close friends of the child at the same activity. Salient motivating factors triggering lift-sharing included intentions to reduce chauffeuring and parents wanting their children to socialise. Trust was an initial imperative component of lift-share formation, and attitudes towards reciprocity supported previous literature findings relating to the variability of acceptable reciprocation and the role of fairness.
Multilevel modelling of Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) trips in Greater Manchester based on area-wide socio-economic data
Providing public transport in areas of low demand has long proved to be a challenge to policy makers and practitioners. With the developing economic, social and environmental trends, there is pressure for alternative solutions to the policy of subsidising conventional bus services. One potential solution is to adopt more flexible routes and/or timetables to better match the required demand. Therefore such ‘on demand’ or ‘Demand Responsive Transport’ (DRT) services (known as paratransit in the US) have been adopted in a number of locations. This paper seeks to explore the effects of area-wide factors on the demand of DRT by reporting the results of a statistical analysis of DRT service provision in the metropolitan region of Greater Manchester, the public transport authority of which offers one of the largest and most diverse range of DRT schemes in the UK. Specifically, this paper employs a multilevel modelling approach to investigate the impact of both DRT supply-oriented factors at the service area level and socio-economic factors at the lower super output area (LSOA) level on the average number of trips made by DRT per year. This hierarchical or ‘nested’ structure was adopted because typically the LSOAs within the same Service Area may share similar characteristics. It is found that the demand for DRT services was higher in areas with low car ownership, low population density, high proportion of white people, and high levels of social deprivation, measured in terms of income, employment, education, housing and services, health and disability, and living environment.
Quantifying the transport-related impacts of parental school choice in England
School travel is becoming increasingly car-based and this is leading to many environmental and health implications for children all over the world. One of several reasons for this is that journey to school distances have increased over time. This is a trend that has been reinforced in some countries by the adoption of so-called ‘school choice’ policies, whereby parents can apply on behalf of their child(ren) to attend any school, and not only the school they live closest to. This paper examines the traffic and environmental impacts of the school choice policy in England. It achieves this by analysing School Census data from 2009 from the Department for Education. Multinomial logit modelling and mixed multinomial logit modelling are used to illustrate the current travel behaviour of English children in their journey to school and examine how there can be a significant reduction in vehicle miles travelled, CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption if the ‘school choice’ policy is removed. The model shows that when school choice was replaced by a policy where each child only travelled to their ‘nearest school’ several changes occurred in English school travel. Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT) by motorised transport fell by 1 % for car travel and 10 % for bus travel per day. The reduction in vehicle miles travelled could lead to less congestion on the roads during the morning rush hour and less cars driving near school gates. Mode choice changed in the modelled scenario. Car use fell from 32 to 22 %. Bus use fell from 12 to 7 %, whilst NMT saw a rise of 17 %. With more children travelling to school by walking or cycling the current epidemic of childhood obesity could also be reduced through active travel.
Expert perspectives on the role of the bus in school travel
Millions of children travel to and from school each day as part of their daily routine, contributing to increased congestion and traffic on the roads. This paper examines the role of the bus within school travel and reports the views of current professionals in the school travel industry gained from interviews with school travel experts in the UK. The findings suggest that parents, schools, local authorities and bus operators are the key stakeholders, while the children are relatively minor players despite being the main users of the system. The key issues facing the sector concern costs to government and users, institutional and political factors, and social issues around the behaviour of children on buses. The interviewees all see a prominent place for buses in school travel, both now and in the future.