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"Fang, Liang"
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Vectorial Doppler metrology
The Doppler effect is a universal wave phenomenon that has spurred a myriad of applications. In early manifestations, it was implemented by interference with a reference wave to infer linear velocities along the direction of motion, and more recently lateral and angular velocities using scalar phase structured light. A consequence of the scalar wave approach is that it is technically challenging to directly deduce the motion direction of moving targets. Here we overcome this challenge using vectorially structured light with spatially variant polarization, allowing the velocity and motion direction of a moving particle to be fully determined. Using what we call a vectorial Doppler effect, we conduct a proof of principle experiment and successfully measure the rotational velocity (magnitude and direction) of a moving isotropic particle. The instantaneous position of the moving particle is also tracked under the conditions of knowing its starting position and continuous tracking. Additionally, we discuss its applicability to anisotropic particle detection, and show its potential to distinguish the rotation and spin of the anisotropic particle and measure its rotational velocity and spin speed (magnitude and direction). Our demonstration opens the path to vectorial Doppler metrology for detection of universal motion vectors with vectorially structured light.
The Doppler effect is a wave phenomenon that can find the magnitude of velocity of moving targets with scalar waves. Here, the authors use vectorially structured light with spatially variant polarization to fully determine both the magnitude of velocity and motion direction of a moving particle.
Journal Article
Curcumin Nicotinate Selectively Induces Cancer Cell Apoptosis and Cycle Arrest through a P53-Mediated Mechanism
Curcumin is an anticancer agent, but adverse effects and low bioavailability are its main drawbacks, which drives efforts in chemical modifications of curcumin. This study evaluated antiproliferative activity and cancer cell selectivity of a curcumin derivative, curcumin nicotinate (CN), in which two niacin molecules were introduced. Our data showed that CN effectively inhibited proliferation and clonogenic growth of colon (HCT116), breast (MCF-7) and nasopharyngeal (CNE2, 5-8F and 6-10B) cancer cells with IC50 at 27.7 μM, 73.4 μM, 64.7 μM, 46.3 μM, and 31.2 μM, respectively. In cancer cells, CN induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase through a p53-mediated mechanism, where p53 was activated, p21 and pro-apoptotic proteins Bid and Bak were upregulated, and PARP was cleaved. In non-transformed human mammary epithelial cells MCF10A, CN at 50 µM had no cytotoxicity and p53 was not activated, but curcumin at 12.5 µM activated p53 and p21 and inhibited MCF10A cell growth. These data suggest that CN inhibits cell growth and proliferation through p53-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest with cancer cell selectivity.
Journal Article
The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa. To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NPC, the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) arranged a multi‐disciplinary team comprising of experts from all sub‐specialties of NPC to write, discuss, and revise the guidelines. Based on the findings of evidence‐based medicine in China and abroad, domestic experts have iteratively developed these guidelines to provide proper management of NPC. Overall, the guidelines describe the screening, clinical and pathological diagnosis, staging and risk assessment, therapies, and follow‐up of NPC, which aim to improve the management of NPC.
Journal Article
Environmental remodeling of human gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome in livestock farms
Anthropogenic environments have been implicated in enrichment and exchange of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Here we study the impact of confined and controlled swine farm environments on temporal changes in the gut microbiome and resistome of veterinary students with occupational exposure for 3 months. By analyzing 16S rRNA and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing data in tandem with culture-based methods, we show that farm exposure shapes the gut microbiome of students, resulting in enrichment of potentially pathogenic taxa and antimicrobial resistance genes. Comparison of students’ gut microbiomes and resistomes to farm workers’ and environmental samples revealed extensive sharing of resistance genes and bacteria following exposure and after three months of their visit. Notably, antibiotic resistance genes were found in similar genetic contexts in student samples and farm environmental samples. Dynamic Bayesian network modeling predicted that the observed changes partially reverse over a 4-6 month period. Our results indicate that acute changes in a human’s living environment can persistently shape their gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome.
Environments where antibiotics are used indiscriminately exhibit microbial communities that can represent hot-spots of resistance gene enrichment, which in turn could spread to humans. Here, the authors characterize how exposure to swine farms environment lead to temporal changes in the gut microbiome and resistome of healthy veterinary students.
Journal Article
m6A-regulated tumor glycolysis: new advances in epigenetics and metabolism
Glycolytic reprogramming is one of the most important features of cancer and plays an integral role in the progression of cancer. In cancer cells, changes in glucose metabolism meet the needs of self-proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, metastasis, and also affect the immune escape, prognosis evaluation and therapeutic effect of cancer. The n6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA is widespread in eukaryotic cells. Dynamic and reversible m6A modifications are widely involved in the regulation of cancer stem cell renewal and differentiation, tumor therapy resistance, tumor microenvironment, tumor immune escape, and tumor metabolism. Lately, more and more evidences show that m6A modification can affect the glycolysis process of tumors in a variety of ways to regulate the biological behavior of tumors. In this review, we discussed the role of glycolysis in tumor genesis and development, and elaborated in detail the profound impact of m6A modification on different tumor by regulating glycolysis. We believe that m6A modified glycolysis has great significance and potential for tumor treatment.
Journal Article
An ORFeome of rice E3 ubiquitin ligases for global analysis of the ubiquitination interactome
Background
Ubiquitination is essential for many cellular processes in eukaryotes, including 26S proteasome-dependent protein degradation, cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. Although numerous ubiquitinated proteins have been empirically identified, their cognate ubiquitin E3 ligases remain largely unknown.
Results
Here, we generate a complete ubiquitin E3 ligase-encoding open reading frames (UbE3-ORFeome) library containing 98.94% of the 1515 E3 ligase genes in the rice (
Oryza sativa
L
.
) genome. In the test screens with four known ubiquitinated proteins, we identify both known and new E3s. The interaction and degradation between several E3s and their substrates are confirmed in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we identify the F-box E3 ligase OsFBK16 as a hub-interacting protein of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase family OsPAL1–OsPAL7. We demonstrate that OsFBK16 promotes the degradation of OsPAL1, OsPAL5, and OsPAL6. Remarkably, we find that overexpression of
OsPAL1
or
OsPAL6
as well as loss-of-function of
OsFBK16
in rice displayed enhanced blast resistance, indicating that OsFBK16 degrades OsPALs to negatively regulate rice immunity.
Conclusions
The rice UbE3-ORFeome is the first complete E3 ligase library in plants and represents a powerful proteomic resource for rapid identification of the cognate E3 ligases of ubiquitinated proteins and establishment of functional E3–substrate interactome in plants.
Journal Article
The impact of new urbanization on “quantity increase and quality improvement” of urban green innovation
With the rise of new urbanization (NEU) as a major national strategy, a proposition with both theoretical and practical significance has been highlighted. Whether the implementation of this strategy can substantially enhance the quantity and quality of urban green innovation (GI) remains a focus of ongoing attention from the government and academia. Based on panel data from 284 cities from 2011 to 2022, this study constructs two-way fixed-effects models and multivariate moderation models, and empirically analyzes the effect of NEU on the “quantity increase” and “quality improvement” of urban GI. The study finds that the coefficients for NEU’s impact on “quantity increase” and “quality improvement” of urban GI are statistically significant at the 0.01 level, with positive signs indicating enhancement effects. The moderating effect indicates that the coupling interaction between digital inclusive finance and various elements (government technology support, informatization, regional economic development, energy consumption) constitutes a gain mechanism, effectively strengthening the marginal effect of increases in the quantity and quality of urban GI. Threshold effect analysis indicates that the government’s green support exerts a threshold effect on NEU’s influence on urban GI. The paper not only deepens the understanding of the NEU dividend release mechanism but also provides operational policy implications for coordinating the two key agendas of NEU construction and GI development.
Journal Article
Comparison of different positioning techniques for reduction of induced vertical deviation following Nishida procedure for the treatment of sixth nerve palsy
Induced vertical deviation is a potential complication following the Nishida procedure for the treatment of sixth nerve palsy. This study aims to compare different positioning techniques for the reduction of this complication.
We retrospectively examined medical records from consecutive patients who underwent the Nishida procedure, classifying them into three positioning groups: intra-quadrant (IQP), lateral rectus border (LRBP), and horizontal meridian (HMP). Surgical and pre/postoperative data were compared.
Among the 27 included patients (8 IQP, 9 LRBP, 10 HMP), all three groups demonstrated similar reductions in esodeviation: IQP, 44.0 ± 18.7 Prism Diopters (PD); LRBP, 42.2 ± 15.3 PD; HMP, 42.2 ± 7.8 PD; (P = 0.675). After surgery, one patient in the IQP group developed hypertropia of 18 PD, necessitating a secondary surgery to treat the vertical diplopia. In the LRBP group, two patients had hypotropia of 30 PD and 10 PD, respectively, and one patient had hypertropia of 6 PD. In the HMP group, one patient initially had hypertropia of 2 PD, which resolved during subsequent follow-up. A lower incidence of induced vertical deviation was observed in the HMP (10%) and IQP (13%) groups compared to the LRBP group (33%). However, this difference did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size.
There is no statistically significant difference among the three positioning techniques (IQP, LRBP, HMP) in the correction of esodeviation and reduction of incidence of induced vertical deviation following Nishida procedure.
Journal Article
Tr1 Cells as a Key Regulator for Maintaining Immune Homeostasis in Transplantation
The immune system is composed of effectors and regulators. Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are classified as a distinct subset of T cells, and they secret high levels of IL-10 but lack the expression of the forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Tr1 cells act as key regulators in the immune network, and play a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis. The regulatory capacity of Tr1 cells depends on many mechanisms, including secretion of suppressive cytokines, cell-cell contacts, cytotoxicity and metabolic regulation. A breakdown of Tr1-cell-mediated tolerance is closely linked with the pathogenesis of various diseases. Based on this observation, Tr1-cell therapy has emerged as a successful treatment option for a number of human diseases. In this review, we describe an overview of Tr1 cell identification, functions and related molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the current protocols to induce/expand Tr1 cells in vitro for clinical application, and summarize the recent progress of Tr1 cells in transplantation.
Journal Article