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Abstract Background Hypoadrenocorticism is an important differential for hypercalcemia. The etiology of hypercalcemia in hypoadrenocorticism in dogs is unclear. Objective To review the prevalence of hypercalcemia and use statistical models to identify clinical, demographic, and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Animals One hundred ten dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism; 107 with recorded total calcium (TCa), 43 recorded ionized calcium (iCa). Methods Multicenter retrospective observational study at 4 UK referral hospitals. Univariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between independent variables of signalment, hypoadrenocorticism type (glucocorticoid only deficient hypoadrenocorticism [GHoC] vs glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism [GMHoC]), clinicopathological variables and hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia was defined as elevated TCa, an elevated iCa, or both elevated TCa and iCa (Model 1) or as elevated iCa (Model 2). Results Overall prevalence of hypercalcemia was 34.5% (38/110). The odds of hypercalcemia (Model 1) were increased (P < .05) in dogs with GMHoC ([vs GHoC], OR [odds ratio] = 3.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.105-13.463), higher serum creatinine (OR = 1.512, 95% CI 1.041-2.197), and higher serum albumin (OR = 4.187, 95% CI 1.744-10.048). The odds of ionized hypercalcemia (Model 2) were increased (P < .05) with reduced serum potassium concentration (OR = 0.401, 95% CI 0.184-0.876) and younger age (OR = 0.737, 95% CI 0.558-0.974). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study identified several key clinical and biochemical variables associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. These findings aid understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism.

Inhalation of foreign material is an uncommon condition that occurs more often in dogs than cats. The main aim of this study was to describe signalment, diagnostic investigation, management and outcomes of dogs and cats with tracheobronchial foreign bodies (TBFBs) in four UK referral centres. Ninety-two dogs and 14 cats with a diagnosis of intraluminal TBFBs between January 2012 and July 2019 were included. Labrador retriever was the most commonly represented canine breed (22/92). Cough was the most common presenting complaint, occurring in 89/92 dogs and 9/14 cats. Summer seasonality was recorded in 74/88 dogs, but no feline seasonality was observed. Radiographic suspected TBFB location agreed with definitive location in 15/22 dogs and 2/2 cats. CT-suspected TBFB location and definitive location agreed in 45/46 dogs and 4/5 cats. Most common TBFB location was right caudal lobe bronchus in dogs (35/97) and trachea in cats (6/14). One of 100 canine TBFBs and nine of 14 feline TBFBs were non-vegetal. Single-attempt bronchoscopic retrieval was successful in 88/92 dogs and 13/14 cats. Surgical retrieval was performed in 4/92 dogs. All patients survived to discharge. This study suggests a pattern of canine TBFB seasonality in the UK. Imaging was useful to guide localisation, and CT appeared more accurate at predicting TBFB location than radiography in dogs. Bronchoscopic TBFB removal was commonly successful, with excellent survival rates. Presenting signs, patterns of seasonality, imaging findings, and management outcomes are useful to help clinical reasoning and decision management in the practical setting.

Abstract Background After a strong epidemiological link to diet was established in an outbreak of pancytopenia in cats in spring 2021 in the United Kingdom, 3 dry diets were recalled. Concentrations of the hemato- and myelotoxic mycotoxins T-2, HT-2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) greater than the European Commission guidance for dry cat foods were detected in the recalled diets. Objectives To describe clinical and clinicopathological findings in cats diagnosed with suspected diet induced pancytopenia. Animals Fifty cats presenting with pancytopenia after exposure to a recalled diet. Methods Multicenter retrospective case series study. Cats with known exposure to 1 of the recalled diets were included if presented with bi- or pancytopenia and underwent bone marrow examination. Results Case fatality rate was 78%. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy examination results were available in 23 cats; 19 cats had a bone marrow aspirate, and 8 cats had a biopsy core, available for examination. Bone marrow hypo to aplasia—often affecting all cell lines—was the main feature in all 31 available core specimens. A disproportionately pronounced effect on myeloid and megakaryocytic cells was observed in 19 cats. Myelofibrosis or bone marrow necrosis was not a feature. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Mycotoxin induced pancytopenia should be considered as differential diagnosis in otherwise healthy cats presenting with bi- or pancytopenia and bone marrow hypo- to aplasia.

An eight‐year‐old, male neutered, crossbreed dog presented for evaluation of exercise intolerance, tachypnoea and cough. Initial haematology revealed moderate lymphocytosis (8.58 × 109/l, reference interval (RI) 1.0–4.8) and eosinophilia (2.74 × 109/l, RI 0.1–1.2). Thoracic radiographs revealed a generalised interstitial pattern with several ill‐defined nodules. Cytology of the nodules identified a mixed inflammatory population consisting of 60 per cent eosinophils. In the absence of an underlying cause, a diagnosis of eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP) was made. Five weeks after the introduction of prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day), repeated haematology revealed persistent lymphocytosis (6.89 × 109/l). Blood flow cytometry was consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Chlorambucil (6 mg/m2/day) was introduced and the haematological abnormalities and clinical signs resolved. The dog was euthanased 15 months after diagnosis due to acute clinical deterioration. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of concurrent eosinophilia and EBP in a dog with CLL. The possibility of a paraneoplastic peripheral eosinophilia and EBP was considered.

An eight-month-old, male, neutered, domestic short hair cat was presented for further investigation of white granuloma-like lesions on the tongue and recent onset regurgitation. The owner reported that the cat had an ‘unusual’ gait. Moderate increases in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminostransferase and markedly elevated creatine kinase were present. Thoracic radiographs revealed moderate-to-severe oesophageal impaction, cardiomegaly and an irregular appearance of the diaphragm. Endoscopy revealed a distended oesophagus with accumulation of ingesta. Difficulties were encountered when passing the endoscope through the cardia. Histology of the white granuloma-like lesions were pathognomonic of calcinosis circumscripta. These features raised the suspicion of feline muscular dystrophy. Muscle biopsies and electromyography were declined, and the patient was euthanased. Postmortem examination, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were suggestive of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy (DDMD). This case emphasises the importance of including DDMD as a differential diagnosis for regurgitation and lingual calcinosis circumscripta in cats.