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Between 1957 and 1982, water flooding was conducted to improve petroleum production in the Cogdell oil field north of Snyder, TX, and a contemporary analysis concluded this induced earthquakes that occurred between 1975 and 1982. The National Earthquake Information Center detected no further activity between 1983 and 2005, but between 2006 and 2011 reported 18 earthquakes having magnitudes 3 and greater. To investigate these earthquakes, we analyzed data recorded by six temporary seismograph stations deployed by the USArray program, and identified 93 well-recorded earthquakes occurring between March 2009 and December 2010. Relocation with a double-difference method shows that most earthquakes occurred within several northeast–southwest-trending linear clusters, with trends corresponding to nodal planes of regional focal mechanisms, possibly indicating the presence of previously unidentified faults. We have evaluated data concerning injection and extraction of oil, water, and gas in the Cogdell field. Water injection cannot explain the 2006–2011 earthquakes, especially as net volumes (injection minus extraction) are significantly less than in the 1957–1982 period. However, since 2004 significant volumes of gases including supercritical CO ₂ have been injected into the Cogdell field. The timing of gas injection suggests it may have contributed to triggering the recent seismic activity. If so, this represents an instance where gas injection has triggered earthquakes having magnitudes 3 and larger. Further modeling studies may help evaluate recent assertions suggesting significant risks accompany large-scale carbon capture and storage as a strategy for managing climate change.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children is defined as impaired production of GH by the pituitary gland that results in growth failure. This disease might be congenital or acquired, and occurs in isolation or in the setting of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Isolated GHD has an estimated prevalence of 1 patient per 4000–10,000 live births and can be due to multiple causes, some of which are yet to be determined. Establishing the correct diagnosis remains key in children with short stature, as initiating treatment with recombinant human GH can help them attain their genetically determined adult height. During the past two decades, our understanding of the benefits of continuing GH therapy throughout the transition period from childhood to adulthood has increased. Improvements in transitional care will help alleviate the consequent physical and psychological problems that can arise from adult GHD, although the consequences of a lack of hormone replacement are less severe in adults than in children. In this Review, we discuss the differential diagnosis in children with GHD, including details of clinical presentation, neuroimaging and genetic testing. Furthermore, we highlight advances and issues in the management of GHD, including details of transitional care.In children, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) results in growth failure and has multiple different causes. This Review discusses the diagnosis of GHD in children and highlights advances in management, including transitional care.

This study seeks to assist small and medium enterprises break free of the constraints of the conventional financing model and lessen the supply chain finance risks they face. First, the supply chain financial business model and credit risk are analyzed, followed by a discussion of the application principle of blockchain in the control of supply chain financial credit risk. The next topic up for discussion is the emancipation of individuals and the application of financial technology toward the management of financial risk in supply chains. In the final stage of the development of the computerized risk assessment model, the Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM) is optimized, and the effectiveness and efficiency of risk classification are enhanced by introducing a variable penalty factor C. To test the efficacy of the C-FSVM risk assessment model, the Chinese auto sector is used as the study’s object. According to the results of the study, the C-FSVM model has a classification accuracy of 96.35% for the entire sample, 96.45% for credible firms, and 95.34% for default enterprises. The training time of the C-FSVM model is 473.9s, which is far lower than the SVM and FSVM models’ training times of 1631.6s and 1870.2s. In summary, the C-FSVM supply chain financial risk assessment model is effective and has great application value in banking practice.

ObjectivesPodcasts are well-established as a means of delivering medical educational content to large audiences.1 The podcast network at Great Ormond Street Hospital (‘GOSHpods’) was established in October 2020 with this aim in mind. The network now comprises over 150 episodes and over 57,000 listens across all major platforms.Current research largely explores the usefulness of podcasts in medical education, with little said about the challenges faced. However, our network is uniquely produced by a world-renowned tertiary hospital, meaning that there are multiple stakeholder groups with sometimes competing priorities. As such our aim was to evaluate the network three years in, to explore its impact and to recognise and address any challenges.MethodsAn online survey, which was mentioned at the end of each episode, was distributed via a link in episode descriptions.A SWOT analysis highlighted threats to the programme. These were explored at a workshop attended by representatives from the main stakeholder groups, including Digital Learning, Communications, Education, and podcast hosts. Through presentations and structured discussions, the workshop focussed on ways to tackle challenges, develop the network and generate action points.ResultsFeedback survey – Between February and August 2023 a total of 23 responses were collected from a mixture of internal (70%) and external (30%) listeners. 57% of respondents had heard about the podcasts through word of mouth, followed by social media promotion (26%). Free-text feedback suggested the podcasts were considered a good source of learning.The limitations of the survey included a small sample size and low uptake.Workshop – Three challenges were highlighted from the SWOT analyses: 1) balancing stakeholder priorities; 2) defining and measuring impact; 3) clarifying peer review processes. Workshop discussions resulted in objectives and guidelines will be refined and implemented in the coming months.The limitations of the workshop included a lack of representation from our audience.ConclusionThe survey and workshop were the first step in tackling challenges to allow us to develop the podcast network. Exploring challenges with input from all stakeholder groups has resulted in more comprehensive guidelines which could be extended to other educational podcasts. We will continue to develop the network over the coming months. For all such medical education podcasts, more research is needed into the impact on patient care.ReferenceCho D, Cosimini M, Espinoza J. Podcasting in medical education: a review of the literature. Korean J Med Educ., 2017. doi:10.3946/kjme.2017.69.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent worldwide, and its global burden is substantial and growing. CKD displays a number of features of accelerated senescence. Tubular cell senescence is a common biological process that contributes to CKD progression. Tubulointerstitial inflammation is a driver of tubular cell senescence and a common characteristic of CKD. However, the mechanism by which the interstitial inflammation drives tubular cell senescence remains unclear. This paper aims to explore the role of exosomal miRNAs derived from macrophages in the development of tubular cell senescence. Methods Among the identified inflammation-related miRNAs, miR-155 is considered to be one of the most important miRNAs involved in the inflammatory response. Macrophages, the primary immune cells that mediate inflammatory processes, contain a high abundance of miR-155 in their released exosomes. We assessed the potential role of miR-155 in tubular cell senescence and renal fibrosis. We subjected miR-155 −/− mice and wild-type controls, as well as tubular epithelial cells (TECs), to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced kidney injury. We assessed kidney function and injury using standard techniques. TECs were evaluated for cell senescence and telomere dysfunction in vivo and in vitro . Telomeres were measured by the fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results Compared with normal controls, miR-155 was up-regulated in proximal renal tubule cells in CKD patients and mouse models of CKD. Moreover, the expression of miR-155 was positively correlated with the extent of renal fibrosis, eGFR decline and p16 INK4A expression. The overexpression of miR-155 exacerbated tubular senescence, evidenced by increased detection of p16 INK4A /p21expression and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Notably, miR-155 knockout attenuates renal fibrosis and tubule cell senescence in vivo . Interestingly, once released, macrophages-derived exosomal miR-155 was internalized by TECs, leading to telomere shortening and dysfunction through targeting TRF1. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that TRF1 was the direct target of miR-155. Thus, our study clearly demonstrates that exosomal miR-155 may mediate communication between macrophages and TECs, subsequently inducing telomere dysfunction and senescence in TECs. Conclusions Our work suggests a new mechanism by which macrophage exosomes are involved in the development of tubule senescence and renal fibrosis, in part by delivering miR-155 to target TRF1 to promote telomere dysfunction. Our study may provide novel strategies for the treatment of AngII-induced kidney injury.

Seawater intrusion (SI) poses a substantial threat to water security in coastal regions, where numerical models play a pivotal role in supporting groundwater management and protection. However, the inherent heterogeneity of coastal aquifers introduces significant uncertainties into SI predictions, potentially diminishing their effectiveness in management decisions. Data assimilation (DA) offers a solution by integrating various types of observational data with the model to characterize heterogeneous coastal aquifers. Traditional DA techniques, like ensemble smoother using the Kalman formula (ESK) and Markov chain Monte Carlo, face challenges when confronted with the non‐linearity, non‐Gaussianity, and high‐dimensionality issues commonly encountered in aquifer characterization. In this study, we introduce a novel DA approach rooted in deep learning (DL), referred to as ESDL, aimed at effectively characterizing coastal aquifers with varying levels of heterogeneity. We systematically investigate a range of factors that impact the performance of ESDL, including the number and types of observations, the degree of aquifer heterogeneity, the structure and training options of the DL models. Our findings reveal that ESDL excels in characterizing heterogeneous aquifers under non‐linear and non‐Gaussian conditions. Comparison between ESDL and ESK under different experimentation settings underscores the robustness of ESDL. Conversely, in certain scenarios, ESK displays noticeable biases in the characterization results, especially when measurement data from non‐linear and discontinuous processes are used. To optimize the efficacy of ESDL, attention must be given to the design of the DL model and the selection of observational data, which are crucial to ensure the universal applicability of this DA method. Key Points Non‐linearity and non‐Gaussianity in coastal aquifer characterization problems pose challenges to traditional data assimilation (DA) methods We propose to address these issues with a deep learning‐based DA method called ESDL Various factors influencing the performance of ESDL are systematically investigated

: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), limiting cisplatin application in cancer therapy. Growing evidence has suggested that genome instability, telomeric dysfunction, and DNA damage were involved in the tubular epithelial cells (TECs) damage in cisplatin-induced AKI (cAKI). However, the exact mechanism is largely unknown. We subjected miR-155 mice and wild-type controls, as well as HK-2 cells, to cAKI models. We assessed kidney function and injury with standard techniques. The cell apoptosis and DNA damage of TECs were evaluated both and . Telomeres were measured by the fluorescence hybridization. The expression level of miR-155 was upregulated in cAKI. Inhibition of miR-155 expression protected cisplatin-induced AKI both and . Compared with wild-type mice, miR-155 mice had reduced mortality, improved renal function and pathological damage after cisplatin intervention. Moreover, inhibition of miR-155 expression attenuated TECs apoptosis and DNA damage. These protective effects were caused by increasing expression of telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12), thereby limiting the telomeric dysfunction and the genomic DNA damage in cAKI. We demonstrated that miR-155 deficiency could significantly attenuate pathological damage and mortality in cAKI through inhibition of TECs apoptosis, genome instability, and telomeric dysfunction, which is possibly regulated by the increasing expression of TRF1 and CDK12. This study will provide a new molecular strategy for the prevention of cAKI.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is traditionally performed with the patient in the prone position for large renal calculi. However, anesthetic limitations exist with the prone position. Similarly, the supine position is associated with poorer ergonomics due to the awkward downward position of the renal tract, a smaller window for percutaneous puncture, and a higher risk of anterior calyx puncture. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of lateral-PCNL in managing large renal calculi without the disadvantages of prone and supine positions. Retrospectively, 347 lateral-PCNL cases performed from July 2001 to July 2015 were examined. the patient's thorax, abdomen, and pelvis were positioned over a bridge perpendicular to a \"broken\" table, creating an extended lumbodorsal space. The procedure was evaluated in terms of stone clearance at 3 months' postprocedure, operative time, and complications. Primary stone clearance was achieved in 82.7% of patients. The mean operating time was 97 min. The average time taken to establish the tract and mean radiation time were 4.5 min and 6.93 min, respectively. In total, 2.3% of patients required postoperative transfusion, and 13.5% of patients had postoperative fever. There was one case of hydrothorax, but no bowel perforation. Our lateral-PCNL technique allows for effective stone clearance due to good stone ergonomics and it should be considered as a safe alternative even in the most routine procedures.

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is characterised by lack of cortisol production from the adrenal glands. This can be a primary adrenal disorder or secondary to adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency or suppression from exogenous glucocorticoids. Symptoms of AI in children may initially be non-specific and include growth faltering, lethargy, poor feeding, weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting and lingering illnesses. AI is treated with replacement doses of hydrocortisone. At times of physiological stress such as illness, trauma or surgery, there is an increased requirement for exogenous glucocorticoids, which if untreated can lead to an adrenal crisis and death. There are no unified guidelines for those <18 years old in the UK, leading to substantial variation in the management of AI. This paper sets out guidance for intercurrent illness, medical, dental and surgical procedures to allow timely and appropriate recognition and treatment of AI and adrenal crisis for children and young people.

Revealing the structures and dynamic behaviors of molecules on lipids is crucial for understanding the mechanism behind the biophysical processes, such as the preparation and application of drug delivery vesicles. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate the molecules on various lipid membranes, benefiting from its natural property of interface selectivity, which comes from the principle of even order nonlinear optics. Fluorescence emission, which is in principle not interface selective but varies with the chemical environment where the chromophores locate, can reveal the dynamics of molecules on lipids. In this contribution, we review some examples, which are mainly from our recent works focusing on the application of combined spectroscopic methods, i.e., SHG and two-photon fluorescence (TPF), in studying the dynamic behaviors of several dyes or drugs on lipids and surfactants. This review demonstrates that molecules with both SHG and TPF efficiencies may be used as intrinsic dual-probes in plotting a clear physical picture of their own behaviors, as well as the dynamics of other molecules, on lipid membranes.