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Le bouton amalgame à sa façon des morceaux d'objets sans liens apparents, tirés d'ici et de là pour des raisons strictement automatiques et non projectives, morceaux que j'ai ramassés à même le jene-sais-pas-quoi-faire de mon pays d'ici. (=) Au café La Place commune, Michelle Drapeau, pétillante paléoanthropologue, nous parle de la bipédie, ce trait fondamental qui distingue les êtres humains des grands singes!. Me fascinent les notions d'autoorganisation et d'autopoiése, que Dubuc synthétise ainsi : «la notion d'auto-organisation permet de comprendre comment de l'ordre peut apparaître spontanément au sein du désordre et amener l'émergence spontanée d'une forme, d'une structure qui se distingue de l'environnement qui l'entoure?. » | porte notamment à notre attention les travaux des biologistes Humberto Maturana et Francisco Varela, qui voient dans l'autopoïèse - c'est-à-dire la capacité de se produire soimême - une caractéristique fondamentale du vivant. C'est étonnant, d'ailleurs, que pour parler d'évolution, on utilise souvent la métaphore du bricolage, comme le fait le microbiologiste François Jacob : « [L'évolution] travaille sur ce qui existe déjà [...], la sélection naturelle [opérant] à la manière non d'un ingénieur, mais d'un bricoleur; un bricoleur qui ne sait pas encore ce qu'il va produire, mais récupère tout ce qui lui tombe sous la main, les objets les plus hétéroclites, bouts de ficelle, morceaux de bois, vieux cartons pouvant éventuellement lui fournir des matériaux [...] Devant la densité et I'hétérogénéité de I'agglutinat blanc qui surplombe le bouton bleu, le public, tout «compétent» qu'il soit, est mis au défi, car il ne peut s'engager sur une piste d'interprétation sans qu'adviennent «retournements et détournements». İl persévere tout de même, non pas parce qu'il croit pouvoir élucider l'énigme en établissant une lecture totalisante, mais parce que c'est le propre de Гёте humain que de donner un sens a tout. || cherche à percer l'œuvre, tout comme tu Мас fait, toi, de manière tangible.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one of the most abundant ices in the Solar System. It has been detected in giant planet atmospheres and on their moons, on and around comets, and even in regions of Mercury, the Moon and Mars. However, despite formation in the coldest regions of the protoplanetary disk, CO 2 has not previously been detected throughout the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Furthermore, carbon monoxide (CO) was detected to be present on the surface of only the largest TNOs. Out of 59 TNOs and centaurs observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the NIRSpec Integral Field Unit as part of the DiSCo-TNOs project (PID 2418), we report the widespread detection of CO 2 ice in 95% of the sample and CO ice in 47% of the sample. CO is predominantly found in objects where the abundance of CO 2 is higher. The abundance and characteristics of these ices suggest the prevalence of at least two types of TNO surfaces. The differences in compositions between these groups can be attributed to different formation regions in the protoplanetary disk, where the ability to accrete or maintain the CO 2 ice played a major role in the subsequent evolution of TNO surfaces. Although the nature of the CO remains elusive, its correlation with an augmented abundance of CO 2 suggests a potential production mechanism involving the irradiation of carbon-bearing ices. The near-infrared spectrometer onboard JWST has detected CO 2 and CO ices on 56 and 29 trans-Neptunian objects, respectively, indicating two dominant compositional types among them. These compositional differences suggest varied formation regions in the protoplanetary disk.

The detection of molecules on the coldest and outermost objects in our Solar System has long been limited by the terrestrial atmosphere and sensitivity of the available instrumentation. However, near-infrared observations by the James Webb Space Telescope have provided an unprecedented view of the molecular diversity on the surfaces of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Using the low spectral resolution PRISM mode on the near-infrared spectrograph as part of the Cycle 1 large programme, ‘Discovering the Surface Composition of trans-Neptunian objects’, we report the detection of several molecular ices throughout the TNO population, including H 2 O, CO 2 , 13 CO 2 , CO, CH 3 OH and complex molecules and refractory materials containing aliphatic C–H, C≡N, O–H and N–H bonds. As a result of the imprint that these molecules leave on the spectra, three main compositional groups consistently emerge from multiple independent cluster analyses. Our results unlock the long-standing question of the interpretation of colour diversity, providing the much-needed compositional information. The marked separation of the three spectral clusters reveals sharp variations in the surface molecular constituents. The C/O and (CH + NH)/(C + O) ratios on the surface of TNOs are the primary indicators of the spectral differences among the three TNO compositional groups observed. We propose that these objects are fossil remnants of icy planetesimals, and that the three compositional groups provide a picture of the ice retention lines in the Solar System that likely occurred in the outer protoplanetary disk, possibly just before a major planetary migration. The icy surface compositions, as revealed by JWST, of small bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune can be classified into three groups that can be related to the ice retention lines in the early Solar System, possibly before the planets migrated.

Centaurs are small bodies orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune and behave as an intermediate population between trans-Neptunian-belt objects and Jupiter-family comets. As such, their surface composition and evolutionary processes are key to understanding the Solar System’s history. However, the mechanisms driving their transformation and the impact of thermal processing on their surfaces remain open questions. Here we examined the surface properties of five Centaurs using the James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared spectrograph reflectance spectra (0.6–5.3 μm). They exhibit considerable diversity in surface composition. Our analysis indicates that Centaurs can be split into two main categories, which is also observed for trans-Neptunian objects: one group has surfaces composed of refractory materials with some water ice, whereas the other is dominated by carbon-based materials. Additionally, two of the five objects have primarily refractory surfaces with minimal volatiles, suggesting a high concentration of primitive, comet-like dust. We suggest that the observed Centaur surfaces reflect their transitional states, as they are shifting from being ice-rich bodies to progressively becoming more dominated by non-volatile materials as they approach the Sun. Such thermal processing may have changed the surface properties of other similar Solar System bodies, like comets, Jupiter trojans and D-type asteroids. JWST/NIRSpec spectra are used to analyse the surfaces of Centaurs, revealing two main compositions: those with refractory materials and water ice and those rich in carbon-based materials. Strong surface weathering due to thermal processing may be responsible.

Background A number of negative developmental outcomes in response to extreme temperature have been documented. Yet, to our knowledge, environmental research has left the question of the effect of temperature on human neurodevelopment largely unexplored. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of ambient temperature on linguistic development at the age of 2 years-old. Methods We used data from the prospective national French birth cohort ELFE ( N  = 12,163) and highly-resolved exposure models with daily temporal resolution and 200 m to 1 km spatial resolution. We investigated the effect of weekly averages of overall, daytime and night-time temperature in the prenatal (first 30 weeks of gestation) and postnatal (91 weeks after birth) period on vocabulary production scores from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) at 2 years-old. Exposure-response and lag-response relationships were modeled with confounder-adjusted distributed lag non-linear models. Results Scores at the MB-CDI decreased by 3.2% (relative risk (RR) 0.968, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.939–0.998) following exposure to severe night-time heat of 15.6 °C (95th percentile) vs. 8.3 °C (median) throughout gestational weeks 14 to 19. In the postnatal period, scores at the MB-CDI decreased by 14.8% (RR 0.852; 95% CI: [0.756–0.96]) for severe overall heat of 21.9 °C (95th percentile) vs. 11.5 °C (median) throughout weeks 1 to 28. Consistent results were found for daytime and night-time heat. We observed positive effects of overall and night-time heat in the first few weeks of pregnancy. Night-time cold in the pre-natal period also resulted in improved scores at the MB-CDI. Adjusting our models for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10 and NO2) tended to confirm these observations. Finally, there were no significant differences in temperature effects between boys and girls. Conclusion In this large cohort study, we showed a negative impact of hot temperatures during pregnancy and after birth on language acquisition. Positive associations observed in the first few weeks of pregnancy are likely the results of methodological artifacts. Positive associations with night-time cold during the prenatal period are likely truly protective, as colder temperatures may encourage staying indoors at a comfortable temperature. Policymakers should consider neurodevelopment impairments as a deleterious effect of climate change.

Abstract Pemphigus is a serious and rare chronic bullous autoimmune disease. It is characterized by mucocutaneous erosions secondary to autoantibodies directed against desmogleins 1 and 3, proteins involved in intercellular adhesion mechanisms. The occurrence of pemphigus is based on the triggering of genetic and external environmental factors such as drugs, infection, and more rarely radiotherapy. To date, only 16 cases of radiation-induced pemphigus are described in the context of breast cancer treatment. We present the case of a 76-year-old woman who had a recurrence of pemphigus vulgaris limited to the irradiation field after exposure to an adjuvant radiotherapy treatment for a bilateral triple-negative breast cancer. The onset was bilateral limited to the irradiation area and was treated effectively with local and systemic corticosteroids. After a rigorous review of the literature, only 16 cases of breast cancer radiation-induced pemphigus appeared. In contrast to several cases, the rash was limited to the irradiated area and improved with systemic corticosteroids. For more than three-quarters of the described cases in the literature, pemphigus occurs within 3 months following the end of treatment. After systemic immunosuppressive treatment, this disease disappears in the vast majority of the reported cases.