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"Hagger, Mark S"
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William
1066 is the most famous date in English history. On 14 October, on Senlac Hill near Hastings, a battle was fought that would change the face of England forever. Over the next twenty years, Norman culture was imposed on England, and English politics and society were radically reshaped. But how much is really known about William ‘the Conqueror’, the Norman duke who led his men to victory on that autumn Saturday in what was to be the last successful invasion of England? Mark Hagger here takes a fresh look at William – his life and leadership. As king, he spent much of his reign threatened by rebellion and invasion. In response, he ordered castles and strongholds to be built across the land – a symbol of the force with which he defended his realm and which, along with Domesday Book, England's first public record, attest to a powerful legacy. This book provides a rounded portrait of one of England's greatest rulers.
eBook
Chronic inflammation as a determinant of future aging phenotypes
The importance of chronic inflammation as a determinant of aging phenotypes may have been underestimated in previous studies that used a single measurement of inflammatory markers. We assessed inflammatory markers twice over a 5-year exposure period to examine the association between chronic inflammation and future aging phenotypes in a large population of men and women.
We obtained data for 3044 middle-aged adults (28.2% women) who were participating in the Whitehall II study and had no history of stroke, myocardial infarction or cancer at our study's baseline (1997–1999). Interleukin-6 was measured at baseline and 5 years earlier. Cause-specific mortality, chronic disease and functioning were ascertained from hospital data, register linkage and clinical examinations. We used these data to create 4 aging phenotypes at the 10-year follow-up (2007–2009): successful aging (free of major chronic disease and with optimal physical, mental and cognitive functioning), incident fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease, death from noncardiovascular causes and normal aging (all other participants).
Of the 3044 participants, 721 (23.7%) met the criteria for successful aging at the 10-year follow-up, 321 (10.6%) had cardiovascular disease events, 147 (4.8%) died from noncardiovascular causes, and the remaining 1855 (60.9%) were included in the normal aging phenotype. After adjustment for potential confounders, having a high interleukin-6 level (> 2.0 ng/L) twice over the 5-year exposure period nearly halved the odds of successful aging at the 10-year follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38–0.74) and increased the risk of future cardiovascular events (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.15–2.33) and noncardiovascular death (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.58–3.80).
Chronic inflammation, as ascertained by repeat measurements, was associated with a range of unhealthy aging phenotypes and a decreased likelihood of successful aging. Our results suggest that assessing long-term chronic inflammation by repeat measurement of interleukin-6 has the potential to guide clinical practice.
Journal Article
Impact of surgery on immunologic function: comparison between minimally invasive techniques and conventional laparotomy for surgical resection of colorectal tumors
Surgical trauma suppresses host immune function, potentially creating an environment vulnerable to tumor cell growth. This study compared immune function after laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, and conventional colorectal tumor resections.
Seventy-one patients underwent surgery (20 laparoscopy, 21 minilaparotomy, and 30 conventional). Blood samples were taken before surgery and at 3 hours, 24 hours, and 5 days after surgery. White blood cell constitution was determined using monoclonal antibodies. Levels of TH1 cytokines interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-2 and TH2 cytokines IL-10, -4, and -6 were measured in plasma and from supernatants of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
At 5 days after surgery, lymphocyte counts remained low in the conventional and minilaparotomy groups (
P = .001 and
P = .008) but had resolved in laparoscopic patients. Three-hour postoperative serum IL-6 concentrations were lower in laparoscopic than in conventional patients (
P = .028). Production of TH1 cytokines 3 hours after surgery were significantly increased in laparoscopic patients (interferon-γ
P = .018, tumor necrosis factor-α
P = .011, and IL-2
P = .037).
TH1 lymphocyte function is improved transiently and immune homeostasis restored earlier in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer resection, which may influence disease recurrence.
Journal Article
Secular Law and Custom in Ducal Normandy, c. 1000–1144
This paper sets out some new ideas and arguments on the nature of the secular law and custom of Normandy from the period when the written sources that can tell us about it begin to the Angevin conquest of the duchy in 1144. It begins with a discussion of terminology. Recent work on western France and England has avoided addressing the issue of what those living in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries meant by particular words, moving away from such treacherous terms as “law” and “custom” and referring instead to “legal norms.” As Stephen White remarked in 1988, “there is little evidence … that legal rules were routinely and systematically differentiated from other sorts of norms or that people clearly distinguished between what would now be considered legal, moral, religious, or customary duties and rights.” This, he thought, was due to the general absence in France of “strong governmental authority that could make law, punish transgressors against it, use it routinely to judge civil cases, and regularly afford redress to those whose rights had been violated.” Such authority, however, was not absent (or at least not so absent) in Normandy as elsewhere. Equally, Normans did write about law (lex) and customs (consuetudines) and habit (mos) and right (ius), and in using those words they presumably had some sense of what they meant and how they differed from each other.
Journal Article
A Pipe Roll for 25 Henry I
This note brings to wider attention a passage from a lost pipe roll of Michaelmas 1124 that was copied into a fourteenth-century register from St Albans abbey. The note considers the subject of the excerpt itself, why it was copied into the manuscript, and why we can be sure that the attribution to ‘the great roll of the year 25 Henry the first’ given by the copyist can be trusted. The entry in the St Albans manuscript proves, as has long been suspected, that the surviving roll of Michaelmas 1130 was not the earliest pipe roll produced by the English administration, and that the sequence of pipe rolls had originally begun at least six years earlier in 1124. The form of the earlier rolls of course remains unclear, although it can now be established that, by 1124 at least, they included accounts for danegelds similar to those in 31 Henry I and also payments for charters evidencing royal grants. The extract also helps to establish when exactly William d'Aubigné Brito was granted the honour of Belvoir (Leics).
Journal Article
A pipe role for 25 Henry I
The article brings wider attention to a short extract from the pipe roll of 25 Henry I in a manuscript made at St. Albans Abbey, proves that the pipe roll of 31 Henry I is not the first in the series, but that there were others preceding it, is illustrated.
Journal Article
