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"Han, Tao"
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Credit Data, Banks, “Packaging Agencies” and the Promise of Digital Lending to Small Businesses in China
Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in China often struggle to secure loan financing. In response, the government has required banks to increase credit for MSMEs and incorporate digital technologies into traditional credit evaluation models. In 2018, the state introduced “credit easy loan” digital lending platforms under its social credit system to facilitate collateral-free loans for MSMEs in a bid to enhance financial inclusion and social trust. Meanwhile, the actual implementation of these initiatives remains understudied. Drawing on six months of ethnographic fieldwork, this paper examines how “packaging agencies” act as intermediaries in preparing and “beautifying” bank loan applications. These agencies may manipulate credit data and leverage close relationships (guanxi) to help clients obtain loans, while banks may tacitly approve their practices to fulfil their financial inclusion requirements. Through such processes and in a supposedly digitalized system, a single MSME loan multiplied into ten loans, large companies became small businesses, and one housewife became a creditworthy microentrepreneur.
Journal Article
البحار والمحيطات
يتناول كتاب \"البحار والمحيطات\" والذي قاما بتأليفه \"هان كيدي، وانغ بينشيان\" في حوالي (185) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (البحار والمحيطات)، هذا الكتاب من ضمن كتب سلسلة مئة ألف لماذا وهي مجموعة من الكتب العلمية التي نشرتها دار نشر الأطفال عام 1961 وعلى مدار نصف قرن تم إصدار هذه الكتب واحد تلو الآخر في خمس طبعات، تتضمن السلسلة مجموعة من المواد المثبتة علميا لأجيال الأطفال، بحيث تروج هذه السلسلة لنشر الروح العلمية، وتنشر المعرفة العلمية بين العقول الناشئة، وتعزز الجودة والمعلومات العلمية للأطفال. وهذا الكتاب يتحدث بلغة سهلة ويسيرة حيث يقدم معلومات كثيرة حول البحار والمحيطات في العالم.
BOOK
Quantum entanglement and Bell inequality violation in semi-leptonic top decays
A
bstract
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics. Recently, studies have explored entanglement in the
t
t
¯
system at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) when both the top quark and anti-top quark decay leptonically. Entanglement is detected via correlations between the polarizations of the top and anti-top and these polarizations are measured through the angles of the decay products of the top and anti-top. In this work, we propose searching for evidence of quantum entanglement in the semi-leptonic decay channel where the final state includes one lepton, one neutrino, two
b
-flavor tagged jets, and two light jets from the
W
decay. We find that this channel is both easier to reconstruct and has a larger effective quantity of data than the fully leptonic channel. As a result, the semi-leptonic channel is 60% more sensitive to quantum entanglement and a factor of 3 more sensitive to Bell inequality violation, compared to the leptonic channel. In 139 fb
−
1
(3 ab
−1
) of data at the LHC (HL-LHC), it should be feasible to measure entanglement at a precision of ≲ 3% (0
.
7%). Detecting Bell inequality violation, on the other hand, is more challenging. With 300 fb
−1
(3 ab
−1
) of integrated luminosity at the LHC Run-3 (HL-LHC), we expect a sensitivity of 1
.
3
σ
(4
.
1
σ
). In our study, we utilize a realistic parametric fitting procedure to optimally recover the true angular distributions from detector effects. Compared to unfolding this procedure yields more stable results.
Journal Article
3D Printed Sensors for Biomedical Applications: A Review
This paper showcases a substantial review on some of the significant work done on 3D printing of sensors for biomedical applications. The importance of 3D printing techniques has bloomed in the sensing world due to their essential advantages of quick fabrication, easy accessibility, processing of varied materials and sustainability. Along with the introduction of the necessity and influence of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of sensors for different healthcare applications, the paper explains the individual methodologies used to develop sensing prototypes. Six different 3D printing techniques have been explained in the manuscript, followed by drawing a comparison between them in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, materials being processed, resolution, repeatability, accuracy and applications. Finally, a conclusion of the paper is provided with some of the challenges of the current 3D printing techniques about the developed sensing prototypes, their corresponding remedial solutions and a market survey determining the expenditure on 3D printing for biomedical sensing prototypes.
Journal Article
Quark and gluon contents of a lepton at high energies
A
bstract
In high-energy leptonic collisions, such as at a multi-TeV muon collider, the collinear splittings of the electroweak (EW) gauge bosons and leptons are the dominant phenomena, and the scattering processes should thus be formulated in terms of the EW parton distribution functions (EW PDFs). We complete this formalism in the Standard Model to include the QCD sector and evaluate the quark and gluon PDFs inside a lepton at the double-log accuracy. The splittings of the photon and subsequently the quarks and gluons control the quark/gluon PDFs below the EW scale. The massive gauge bosons lead to substantial contributions at high scales. The jet production cross section can reach the order of a few nb (50 pb) in
e
+
e
−
(
μ
+
μ
−
) collisions, at the TeV c.m. energies with a moderate acceptance cut, that governs the overall event shape up to about
p
T
j
∼ 60 GeV. To complete the picture, we also provide an estimation of the total cross section for the photon-induced hadronic production at low partonic energies, which can reach the level of one hundred or a few tens of nb in high-energy electron or muon collisions.
Journal Article
Role of maternal–fetal immune tolerance in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is a contradictory and complicated physiological process. Although the fetus carries the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) inherited from the paternal line, it does not cause maternal immune rejection. As the only exception to immunological principles, maternal–fetal immune tolerance has been a reproductive immunology focus. In early pregnancy, fetal extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) invade decidual tissues and come into direct contact with maternal decidual immune cells (DICs) and decidual stromal cells (DSCs) to establish a sophisticated maternal–fetal crosstalk. This study reviews previous research results and focuses on the establishment and maintenance mechanism of maternal–fetal tolerance based on maternal–fetal crosstalk. Insights into maternal–fetal tolerance will not only improve understanding of normal pregnancy but will also contribute to novel therapeutic strategies for recurrent spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth.
Journal Article
Electroweak splitting functions and high energy showering
A
bstract
We derive the electroweak (EW) collinear splitting functions for the Standard Model, including the massive fermions, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. We first present the splitting functions in the limit of unbroken SU(2)
L
× U(1)
Y
and discuss their general features in the collinear and soft-collinear regimes. These are the leading contributions at a splitting scale (
k
T
) far above the EW scale (
v
). We then systematically incorporate EW symmetry breaking (EWSB), which leads to the emergence of additional “ultra-collinear” splitting phenomena and naive violations of the Goldstone-boson Equivalence Theorem. We suggest a particularly convenient choice of non-covariant gauge (dubbed “Goldstone Equivalence Gauge”) that disentangles the effects of Goldstone bosons and gauge fields in the presence of EWSB, and allows trivial book-keeping of leading power corrections in
v
/
k
T
. We implement a comprehensive, practical EW showering scheme based on these splitting functions using a Sudakov evolution formalism. Novel features in the implementation include a complete accounting of ultra-collinear effects, matching between shower and decay, kinematic back-reaction corrections in multi-stage showers, and mixed-state evolution of neutral bosons (
γ
/
Z
/
h
) using density-matrices. We employ the EW showering formalism to study a number of important physical processes at
O
(1-10 TeV) energies. They include (a) electroweak partons in the initial state as the basis for vector-boson-fusion; (b) the emergence of “weak jets” such as those initiated by transverse gauge bosons, with individual splitting probabilities as large as
O
(35%); (c) EW showers initiated by top quarks, including Higgs bosons in the final state; (d) the occurrence of
O
(1) interference effects within EW showers involving the neutral bosons; and (e) EW corrections to new physics processes, as illustrated by production of a heavy vector boson (
W
′) and the subsequent showering of its decay products.
Journal Article
Measuring quantum discord at the LHC
A
bstract
There has been an increasing interest in exploring quantities associated with quantum information at colliders. We perform a detailed analysis describing how to measure the quantum discord in the top anti-top quantum state at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). While for pure states, quantum discord, entanglement, and Bell nonlocality all probe the same correlations, for mixed states they probe different aspects of quantum correlations. The quantum discord, in particular, is interesting because it aims to encapsulate all correlations between systems that cannot have a classical origin. We employ two complementary approaches for the study of the top anti-top system, namely the decay method and the kinematic method. We highlight subtleties associated with measuring discord for reconstructed quantum states at colliders. Usually quantum discord is difficult to compute due to an extremization that must be performed. We show, however, that for the
t
t
¯
system this extremization can be performed analytically and we provide closed-form formulas for the quantum discord. We demonstrate that with current LHC datasets, quantum discord can be observed at 3
.
6 – 5
.
7
σ
, depending on the signal region, with the decay method and can be measured at a precision of 0
.
1 – 0
.
2% with the kinematic method. At the high luminosity LHC, the observation of quantum discord is expected to be > 5
σ
using both the decay and kinematic methods and can be measured with a precision of 5% with the decay method and 0
.
05% with the kinematic method. Additionally, we identify the kinematic cuts at the LHC to isolate the
t
t
¯
state that is separable but has non-zero discord. By systematically investigating quantum discord for the first time through a detailed collider analysis, this work expands the toolkit for quantum information studies in particle physics and lays the groundwork for deeper insights into the quantum properties in high-energy collisions.
Journal Article
Nonstandard neutrino interactions at COHERENT, DUNE, T2HK and LHC
A
bstract
We study how nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) may be probed by a combination of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, neutrino oscillation and collider data, from COHERENT, DUNE, T2HK and the high-luminosity (HL) LHC. We focus on NSI induced by a new flavored gauge boson
Z′
in a generic anomaly-free ultraviolet- complete model. For
Z′
masses above 10 GeV, the HL-LHC has the best sensitivity regard- less of the flavor structure of the model. For masses between 0.01 GeV
−
10 GeV, current LHCb data and future COHERENT data have the best sensitivity unless the
Z′
couplings to the first and second generation leptons are suppressed, in which case DUNE and T2HK have the best sensitivity. For
Z′
masses between about 5 MeV
−
20 MeV, DUNE and T2HK have the best sensitivity. We also show how joint analyses of COHERENT and LHC data may constrain such models.
Journal Article