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Steady advances in genome sequencing methods have provided valuable insights into the evolutionary processes of several gene families in plants. At the core of plant biodiversity is an extensive genetic diversity with functional divergence and expansion of genes across gene families, representing unique phenomena. The evolution of gene families underpins the evolutionary history and development of plants and is the subject of this review. We discuss the implications of the molecular evolution of gene families in plants, as well as the potential contributions, challenges, and strategies associated with investigating phenotypic alterations to explain the origin of plants and their tolerance to environmental stresses.

Objective To evaluate the current status and factors influencing the occurrence of percutaneous liver biopsy bleeding in children through a retrospective study, and to develop and validate a risk prediction model to reduce the incidence of percutaneous liver biopsy bleeding in children.  Methods From the hospital's electronic medical record system, clinical data of the study subjects were obtained during their hospitalization. Continuous variables were described using the median (interquartile range), while categorical variables were described using frequencies, proportions, and rates. Feature variables were screened using Lasso regression, and the data were divided into training and validation sets in a 7:3 ratio. Variables with statistically significant differences were included in a binary logistic regression model, and a risk prediction model was constructed using stepwise bidirectional regression. The model was visualized using a nomogram and internally validated. The ROC curve was used to assess the model's discriminative ability, the calibration curve to evaluate its calibration, and the decision curve analysis to assess its clinical decision-making capability. Results The incidence of bleeding in this study was 13.3%, most of which were minor and did not cause serious complications. Variables with meaningful Lasso regression coefficients were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the stepwise bidirectional regression ultimately yielded seven independent influencing factors: Pre-Corticosteroid, Post Liver Transplantation, Needle Depth, ALT, PT, PLT, and GPR. These factors will be used to construct a prediction model for percutaneous liver biopsy bleeding in children. In this study, the training set AUC was 0.720, with a 95% CI of 0.675-0.765, and the validation set AUC was 0.700, with a 95% CI of 0.633-0.767. Conclusion This study created and internally tested a bleeding prediction model for children undergoing percutaneous liver biopsy, demonstrating moderate discriminative ability. Additional optimization and external validation are necessary. Expanding research with larger, multi-center datasets is crucial to enhancing the model's predictive accuracy and clinical applicability.

Background Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, which is indispensable in plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses. In Arabidopsis and rice, the molecular functions of HDACs have been well-described. However, systematic analysis of the HDAC gene family and gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses has not been reported for sorghum. Results We conducted a systematic analysis of the sorghum HDAC gene family and identified 19 SbHDACs mainly distributed on eight chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis of SbHDACs showed that the gene family was divided into three subfamilies: RPD3/HDA1, SIR2, and HD2. Tissue-specific expression results showed that SbHDACs displayed different expression patterns in different tissues, indicating that these genes may perform different functions in growth and development. The expression pattern of SbHDACs under different stresses (high and low temperature, drought, osmotic and salt) and pathogen-associated molecular model (PAMPs) elf18, chitin, and flg22) indicated that SbHDAC genes may participate in adversity responses and biological stress defenses. Overexpression of SbHDA1 , SbHDA3 , SbHDT2 and SbSRT2 in Escherichia coli promoted the growth of recombinant cells under abiotic stress. Interestingly, we also showed that the sorghum acetylation level was enhanced when plants were under cold, heat, drought, osmotic and salt stresses. The findings will help us to understand the HDAC gene family in sorghum, and illuminate the molecular mechanism of the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Conclusion We have identified and classified 19 HDAC genes in sorghum. Our data provides insights into the evolution of the HDAC gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are important for the plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Climate-related problems such as drought stress, extreme temperature, erratic rainfall patterns, soil degradation, heatwaves, flooding, water logging, pests and diseases afflict the production and sustainability of sorghum. These challenges may be addressed by adopting climate-resilient practices and using advanced agronomic techniques. These challenges are being addressed through innovative applications of plant biotechnology and microbiology, which offer targeted solutions to enhance sorghum's resilience. For instance, biotechnological tools like CRISPR/Cas9 enable precise genetic modifications to improve drought and heat tolerance, while microbial inoculants, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), enhance nutrient uptake and stress tolerance through symbiotic interactions. However, biotechnological tools lead to the development of sorghum varieties with heat, drought and salinity tolerance, while marker-assisted selection significantly accelerates breeding for stress-resilient traits. When genetic engineering is introduced, genes encoding heat shock proteins, Osmo protectants and antioxidant pathways are introduced to increase plant resistance to abiotic stress. These compounds stabilise cellular structures, protect enzymes, and maintain osmotic balance, enhancing the plant's ability to survive and function in adverse environmental conditions. At the same time, it is reported that microbiology offers beneficial microbes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that help enhance nutrient availability, soil health and water uptake. Combinations of endophytes and microbial inoculants enhance plant immunity to pests and diseases while increasing tolerance to stress. Biocontrol agents such as Bacillus and Trichoderma contain suppression of pathogens and need less dependence on the use of chemical pesticides. On top of that, genetic modification increases the nutritional quality of sorghum biofortified. This is where biotechnology and microbiology work together to deliver sustainable farming systems reducing environmental impacts, boosting yields and securing food supply under environmental stresses. This review aims to examine the synergistic integration of plant biotechnology and microbial interactions as a strategy to enhance sorghum's resilience to climate-induced stresses, including drought, elevated temperatures, and nutrient-deficient soils. It highlights recent advancements in biotechnological tools such as gene editing, marker-assisted selection, and tissue culture, alongside the emerging role of plant-beneficial microbes in promoting stress tolerance and improving soil health. By synthesizing current knowledge across these disciplines, this review seeks to outline a framework for future research that harnesses the intersection of biotechnology and microbial ecology to support the sustainable improvement of sorghum resilience. Graphical Abstract

Oscar Wilde is one of the most hilarious playwrights in the history of English literature. And ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ is his masterpiece. With Wilde's humorous and witty language as the starting point and aided by the concordancing software WORDSMITH TOOLS, a detailed analysis was carried out on this comedy from lexical level and syntactical level, interesting and significant findings are found: 1) The comedy is about love and marriage. It mainly focuses on being earnest and is related with the behavior of bunbury. Besides their individuality, all characters have the nature of superficiality and hypocrisy. Each one treats the serious things such as death and religion with triviality, yet regards name and pleasure as things of vital importance. The main theme of the comedy is the duality of Victorian people, who are earnest and elegant in appearance, but superficial and absurd in nature, and who is wearing the mask of manners and telling lies whenever they like. Wilde holds a disapproving attitude against the society by frequently using the words of negative meaning or in the negative context. Some words give new meaning to describe the occurrence of things that cannot be controlled, but people act as if they could be, presenting characters' power in controlling things and other people. All the above statements are justified by lexical features of the text. 2) Wilde has an opposed and ironic attitude to the world he was living in. He knew the upper class, and he knew that the lives they led were so dry, boring, concerned with manners and customs, and so perfectly earnest that it was almost inhuman. Therefore, a lot of negatives appear in the text. High occurrences of negatives also show characters' ideas against convention and people's expectations. Corpus-assisted literary analysis provides authentic contextual data that show meaningful information in the text and give students an immediate sense of the style of the text. Driven by objective data of linguistic features and the background language, students can see the foregrounding characteristics of a given text and its artistic values and consequently can appreciate the literary work better and have a deeper understanding of the language.

Based on the Chinese Learner English Corpus, the present study seeks to investigate the developmental characteristics of the use of adverbial conjuncts. And the results show that at different learning stages Non-English majors use all kinds of adverbial conjuncts, but their occurrence frequencies are quite different, the enumerative adverbials are most frequently used, resultative and deductive adverbials come second, transitional adverbials are least used. Chinese learners, especially high school students rely heavily on a small number of adverbial conjuncts, and the use of adverbials lacks diversity. Secondly, the distribution of different semantic categories is roughly the same in the three corpora. In addition, as students learn English more, the use of adverbial conjuncts presents different developmental trends or characteristics, there is an increasing tendency of summative, appositive, contrastive and corroborative adverbials, but the use of resultative and transitional adverbials increases first and then decreases, and it is quite contrary to the use of enumerative adverbials. There is significant difference in the use of adverbial conjuncts between ST2 and ST3, but no significant difference between ST3 and ST4.

SGT1 (suppressor of the skp1 G2 allele) is an important plant disease resistance-related protein, which plays an important role in plant resistance to pathogens and regulates signal transduction during the process of plant disease resistance. In this study, we analyzed the expression profile of SbSGT1 in sorghum under phytohormones treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that SbSGT1 was most expressed in sorghum leaves, and could respond to plant hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinolide. Subsequently, we determined the optimal soluble prokaryotic expression conditions for SbSGT1 and purified it using a protein purification system in order to evaluate its potential interactions with plant hormones. Microscale thermophoretic analysis showed that SbSGT1 exhibited significant interactions with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), with a Kd value of 1.5934. Furthermore, the transient expression of SbSGT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that treatment with exogenous auxin could inhibit SbSGT1 expression, both at the transcriptional and translational level, demonstrating that there exists an interaction between SbSGT1 and auxin.

The southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a severe threat to the yield and quality of rice products worldwide. Traditional detection methods for diagnosing SRBSDV infection show several false positives and thus provide inaccurate findings. However, Western blotting (WB) can precisely solve this problem. In this study, P6—a viral RNA-silencing suppressor—was expressed and purified in vitro . Two polyclonal P6 antibodies were obtained and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and WB. Subsequently, WB was performed using the P6 antibodies to identify SRBSDV antigens derived from the suspected rice samples collected from nine districts in Guizhou, China. The assay results showed that Libo, Pingtang, Huishui, Dushan, and Anshun districts had experienced an SRBSDV outbreak. The virus content in the sampled rice tissues was quantified by WB. Our results revealed that SRBSDV mainly accumulated in rice stems rather than rice leaves. Thus, the findings of our study show that the SRBSDV P6 antibody can be used in WB for detecting and monitoring SRBSDV infection in infected rice plants.

Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss is a species of the insecta class in the arthropod. In this study, we first observed and identified M. aurolineatus Voss in tea plants in Guizhou, China, where it caused severe quantity and quality losses in tea plants. Knowledge on M. aurolineatus Voss genome is inadequate, especially for biological or functional research. We performed the first transcriptome sequencing by using the Illumina Hiseq™ technique on M. aurolineatus Voss. Over 55.9 million high-quality paired-end reads were generated and assembled into 69,439 unigenes using the Trinity short read software, resulting in a cluster of 1,207 bp of the N50 length. A total of 69,439 genes were predicted by BLAST to known proteins in the NCBI database and were distributed into Gene Ontology (20,190), eukaryotic complete genomes (12,488), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (3,170). We also identified 96,790 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 13,121 simple sequence repeats in these unigenes. Our transcriptome data provide a useful resource for future functional studies of M. aurolineatus Voss for dispersal control in tea plants.

Phospholipase C (PLC) generates various second messenger molecules and mediates phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the important roles of plant and fungal PLC in disease resistance and pathogenicity, respectively, have been determined. However, the roles of PLC in plants and fungi are unintegrated and relevant literature is disorganized. This makes it difficult for researchers to implement PLC‐based strategies to improve disease resistance in plants. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the structure, classification, and phylogeny of the PLCs involved in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. PLCs can be divided into two groups, nonspecific PLC (NPC) and phosphatidylinositol‐specific PLC (PI‐PLC), which present marked differences in phylogenetic evolution. The products of PLC genes in fungi play significant roles in physiological activity and pathogenesis, whereas those encoded by plant PLC genes mediate the immune response to fungi. This review provides a perspective for the future control of plant fungal diseases. This review provides a summary on the classification, structure, evolution, and molecular function of phospholipase C (PLC) in plants and fungi, exploring the potential mechanism of PLC in disease resistance and fungal pathogenicity.