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"Koortbojian, Michael"
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The divinization of Caesar and Augustus : precedents, consequences, implications
\"This book examines the new institution of divinization that emerged as a political phenomenon at the end of the Roman Republic with the deification of Julius Caesar. Michael Koortbojian addresses the myriad problems related to Caesar's, and subsequently Augustus', divinization, in a sequence of studies devoted to the complex character of the new imperial system. These investigations focus on the broad spectrum of forms - monumental, epigraphic, numismatic, and those of social ritual - used to represent the most novel imperial institutions: divinization, a monarchial princeps, and a hereditary dynasty. Throughout, political and religious iconography is enlisted to serve in the study of these new Roman institutions, from their slow emergence to their gradual evolution and finally their eventual conventionalization\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Mimesis or Phantasia? Two Representational\\\\ Modes in Roman Commemorative Art
AbstractThe commemorative forms of the Romans are marked by the ubiquity of two contrasting presentational modes: one essentially mimetic, rooted in the representational power of artistic forms, the other abstract and figurative, dependent on the presentation of cues for the summoning of absent yet necessary images. The mimetic mode was thoroughly conventional, and thus posed few problems of interpretation; the figurative knew no such orthodoxy and required a different and distinctive form of attention. At the tomb, epigraphic and sculptural forms, each in its characteristic manner, addressed an audience habituated by tradition to respond to both of these modes, to grasp their differences, and to rise to the challenge implicit in the very fact of their contrast.
Journal Article
A Painted Exemplum at Rome's Temple of Liberty
In 214 b.c., the army of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus defeated Hannibal's Carthaginian forces near the town of Beneventum. Gracchus, proconsul with imperium in Apulia, had led his troops from Luceria in the North-East, while Hanno, Hannibal's lieutenant, arrived with his forces from Bruttium in the South, and a pitched battle was fought by the river Calor. The Romans were victorious. According to Livy, the Carthaginian force of more than 18,000 was routed, less than 2,000 survived, and 38 standards were taken; but the truly striking fact about Gracchus' victory is that his army was largely comprised of slaves. This had been necessary, in contradiction of Roman law and custom, following the tragic and massive casualties suffered in the previous years' battles, most famously at Cannae. Exceptional circumstances called for exceptional measures: pueri donned men's armour; libertini were called to serve; criminals, too; then slaves, who were purchased to fight for the state. The status of such troops posed a significant problem, both legally as well as socially, a problem that was to have a long history.
Journal Article
Roman Sarcophagi
The marble sarcophagus emerged as a vital aspect of Roman sculptural production, when, at some point in the later first century CE, cremation gradually began to be supplanted by inhumation as the dominant funerary form. The sarcophagi served as an interior embellishment of a new, distinctively private form of sepulchral monument, in which commemorative practice abandoned its former public proclamations in favor of a more limited audience. The sarcophagus brought with it as well a decisive transformation of the conventions long established for funerary imagery. The sarcophagi and their various forms, styles, and subject matter have been collected and published in Die Antiken Sarkophagreliefs. The sarcophagi are distinguished not only by the highly structured setting in which they were to be seen and the strictly defined audience who were assembled there to see them, but by the broad range of their design and the wide variety of their imagery.
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