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"Liang, Yan"
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The gale
\"One morning, so early that the fog still clings to the surface of the river, a young boy accompanies his yeye seven miles to the grassy field behind their home in order to cut satintail to feed the livestock.-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Redox imbalance stress in diabetes mellitus: Role of the polyol pathway
In diabetes mellitus, the polyol pathway is highly active and consumes approximately 30% glucose in the body. This pathway contains 2 reactions catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase, respectively. AR reduces glucose to sorbitol at the expense of NADPH, while sorbitol dehydrogenase converts sorbitol to fructose at the expense of NAD+, leading to NADH production. Consumption of NADPH, accumulation of sorbitol, and generation of fructose and NADH have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. In this review, the roles of this pathway in NADH/NAD+ redox imbalance stress and oxidative stress in diabetes are highlighted. A potential intervention using nicotinamide riboside to restore redox balance as an approach to fighting diabetes is also discussed.
Journal Article
مبادئ الحكم في الصين القديمة
يتناول كتاب (مبادئ الحكم في الصين القديمة) والذي قامه بتأليفه (وي تشينغ) في حوالي (211) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (تاريخ الصين قديم) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : قبل أكثر من ألف وربعمائة عام، أصدر الإمبراطور تاي تسونغ إمبراطور أسرة تانغ الملكية (618-907) مرسوما بأن يجمع أربعة من أشهر علماء الصين وسياسييها وأمهرهم وقتها المعارف التاريخية حول مبادئ الحكم الإمبراطوري من الكتب الكلاسيكية القديمة الستة، والمجموعات التاريخية الأربع، والمئات من مؤلفات المدارس الفكرية الصينية، وأن يرتبوها ويستخرجوا منها الدروس الاكثر اهمية حول تهذيب النفس وإصلاحها، وإدارة العائلة، والحكم الجيد للبلاد، وسبل جلب السلام للعالم. وكانت النتيجة مجموعة عنوانها \"تشيونشو تشيياو\" التي أقتبست بعناية من أربعة عشر ألف كتاب، وتسع وثمانين ألف مخطوطة من الكتابات القديمة، بإجمالي خمسمائة ألف فقرة مكتوبة، تغطي خمسة وشتين صنفا من الكتب. وقد ساعد هذا الكتاب الإمبراطور تاي سونغ والكثير من الأباطرة من بعده في أمور الحكم، ويعود الفضل في تحقيق الرخاء والسلام في المراحل اللاحقة بالصين القديمة بنسبة كبيرة إلى هذا الكتاب.
BOOK
Folic acid‐induced animal model of kidney disease
The kidneys are a vital organ that is vulnerable to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which can be caused by numerous risk factors such as ischemia, sepsis, drug toxicity and drug overdose, exposure to heavy metals, and diabetes. In spite of the advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD as well AKI transition to CKD, there is still no available therapeutics that can be used to combat kidney disease effectively, highlighting an urgent need to further study the pathological mechanisms underlying AKI, CKD, and AKI progression to CKD. In this regard, animal models of kidney disease are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of kidney disease, which is induced by folic acid (FA). While a low dose of FA is nutritionally beneficial, a high dose of FA is very toxic to the kidneys. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by FA, major mechanisms of FA‐induced kidney injury are then reviewed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormalities such as impaired bioenergetics and mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Finally, application of this FA‐induced kidney disease model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given that this animal model is simple to create and is reproducible, it should remain useful for both studying the pathological mechanisms of kidney disease and identifying therapeutic targets to fight kidney disease.
Folic acid induced animal model of kidney disease was reviewed along with the mechanisms of the pathogenesis involved. This model can provide an important platform for the testing of a variety of therapeutic approaches that are designed to fight kidney disease including both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
Journal Article
Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases
Reactive species produced in the cell during normal cellular metabolism can chemically react with cellular biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, thereby causing their oxidative modifications leading to alterations in their compositions and potential damage to their cellular activities. Fortunately, cells have evolved several antioxidant defense mechanisms (as metabolites, vitamins, and enzymes) to neutralize or mitigate the harmful effect of reactive species and/or their byproducts. Any perturbation in the balance in the level of antioxidants and the reactive species results in a physiological condition called “oxidative stress.” A catalase is one of the crucial antioxidant enzymes that mitigates oxidative stress to a considerable extent by destroying cellular hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen. Deficiency or malfunction of catalase is postulated to be related to the pathogenesis of many age-associated degenerative diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anemia, vitiligo, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, bipolar disorder, cancer, and schizophrenia. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken in many laboratories to explore its use as a potential drug for the treatment of such diseases. This paper describes the direct and indirect involvement of deficiency and/or modification of catalase in the pathogenesis of some important diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, vitiligo, and acatalasemia. Details on the efforts exploring the potential treatment of these diseases using a catalase as a protein therapeutic agent have also been described.
Journal Article
كيف يحكم الحزب الشيوعي الصيني
مع التغيرات التاريخية وتقلبات الزمن، ظل العالم يتساءل : من أين جاءت مكانة الحزب الشيوعي الصيني في قلوب الصينيين والعالم ؟ وكيف حاز ثقة الصينيين وتأييدهم ؟ وكيف يتغلب على الصعاب ؟ وكيف يقود الصين في ثبات لبدء رحلة الاشتراكية التحديثية الجديدة، مواجهة التغير العميق لأوضاع العالم والدولة والحزب ؟ يجيب هذا الكتاب على هذه التساؤلات عبر جوانب مختلفة من وجهات النظر ويدقق النظر ويستقصي أمور الحزب الشيوعي الصيني، فيرصد أفعاله ويبحث أقواله ويحلل إنجازاته خلال هذا الوقت الذي اقترب فيه من تحقيق النهضة العظيمة للأمة الصينية أكثر من أي فترة على مر التاريخ وذلك بتمشيط الحقب والخبرات التي مر بها الحزب الشيوعي الصيني خلال توليه الحكم.
BOOK
Cadmium-Induced Kidney Injury: Oxidative Damage as a Unifying Mechanism
Cadmium is a nonessential metal that has heavily polluted the environment due to human activities. It can be absorbed into the human body via the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and the skin, and can cause chronic damage to the kidneys. The main site where cadmium accumulates and causes damage within the nephrons is the proximal tubule. This accumulation can induce dysfunction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to electron leakage and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cadmium may also impair the function of NADPH oxidase, resulting in another source of ROS. These ROS together can cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, triggering epithelial cell death and a decline in kidney function. In this article, we also reviewed evidence that the antioxidant power of plant extracts, herbal medicines, and pharmacological agents could ameliorate cadmium-induced kidney injury. Finally, a model of cadmium-induced kidney injury, centering on the notion that oxidative damage is a unifying mechanism of cadmium renal toxicity, is also presented. Given that cadmium exposure is inevitable, further studies using animal models are warranted for a detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying cadmium induced ROS production, and for the identification of more therapeutic targets.
Journal Article
A supramolecular lanthanide separation approach based on multivalent cooperative enhancement of metal ion selectivity
Multivalent cooperativity plays an important role in the supramolecular self-assembly process. Herein, we report a remarkable cooperative enhancement of both structural integrity and metal ion selectivity on metal-organic M
4
L
4
tetrahedral cages self-assembled from a tris-tridentate ligand (L
1
) with a variety of metal ions spanning across the periodic table, including alkaline earth (Ca
II
), transition (Cd
II
), and all the lanthanide (Ln
III
) metal ions. All these M
4
L
1
4
cages are stable to excess metal ions and ligands, which is in sharp contrast with the tridentate (L
2
) ligand and bis-tridentate (L
3
) ligand bearing the same coordination motif as L
1
. Moreover, high-precision metal ion self-sorting is observed during the mixed-metal self-assembly of tetrahedral M
4
L
4
cages, but not on the M
2
L
3
counterparts. Based on the strong cooperative metal ion self-recognition behavior of M
4
L
4
cages, a supramolecular approach to lanthanide separation is demonstrated, offering a new design principle of next-generation extractants for highly efficient lanthanide separation.
Lanthanide ions possess similar chemical properties, making their separation from one another challenging. Here the authors show that a tris-tridentate ligand causes high-precision metal ion self-sorting, leading to the selective assembly of tetrahedral M
4
L
4
cages across the lanthanide series.
Journal Article
Tetraquark state X(6900) and the interaction between diquark and antidiquark
Recently LHCb declared a new structure X(6900) in the final state di-J/ψ which is popularly regarded as a cc-c¯c¯ tetraquark state. Within the Bethe–Salpeter (B–S) framework we study the possible cc-c¯c¯ bound states and the interaction between diquark (cc) and antidiquark (c¯c¯). In this work cc (c¯c¯) is treated as a color anti-triplet (triplet) axial-vector so the quantum numbers of cc-c¯c¯ bound state are 0+, 1+ and 2+. Learning from the interaction in meson case and using the effective coupling we suggest the interaction kernel for the diquark and antidiquark system. Then we deduce the B–S equations for different quantum numbers. Solving these equations numerically we find the spectra of some excited states can be close to the mass of X(6900) when we assign appropriate values for parameter κ introduced in the interaction (kernel). We also briefly calculate the spectra of bb-b¯b¯ bound states. Future measurement of bb-b¯b¯ state will help us to determine the exact form of effective interaction.
Journal Article