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"Liu, Zhao"
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Literati style penjing : Chinese bonsai masterworks
\"Learn how to create simple and elegant bonsai works from an acclaimed Chinese master.\"--Jacket flap.
Book
Thermodynamics of Kerr-AdS black holes in the restricted phase space
The thermodynamics for Kerr-AdS black hole in four dimensions is revisited using the recently proposed restricted phase space formalism, which includes the central charge C of the dual CFT and the chemical potential μ, but excludes the pressure and the conjugate volume, as thermodynamic variables. The Euler relation holds automatically, and the first order homogeneity of the mass and the zeroth order homogeneity of the intensive variables are made explicit. Thermodynamic processes involving each pair of conjugate variables are studied in some detail, with emphasis on the scaling properties of the equations of states. It turns out that the thermodynamic behavior of the Kerr-AdS black hole is very similar to that of the RN-AdS black hole studied earlier. In particular, it is found that, there is a first order supercritical phase equilibrium in the T-S processes at fixed nonvanishing angular momentum, while at vanishing angular momentum or at fixed angular velocities, there is always a non-equilibrium transition from a small unstable black hole state to a large stable black hole state. Moreover, there is a Hawking–Page phase transition in the μ-C processes. Due to the complicatedness of the Kerr metric, the exact critical point and the Hawking–Page temperature are worked out explicitly only in the slow rotating limit, however the characteristic thermodynamic properties do not rely on the slow rotating approximation.
Journal Article
PARP inhibitor resistance: the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications
Due to the DNA repair defect, BRCA1/2 deficient tumor cells are more sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) through the mechanism of synthetic lethality. At present, several PAPRi targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have been approved for ovarian cancer and breast cancer indications. However, PARPi resistance is ubiquitous in clinic. More than 40% BRCA1/2-deficient patients fail to respond to PARPi. In addition, lots of patients acquire PARPi resistance with prolonged oral administration of PARPi. Homologous recombination repair deficient (HRD), as an essential prerequisite of synthetic lethality, plays a vital role in killing tumor cells. Therefore, Homologous recombination repair restoration (HRR) becomes the predominant reason of PARPi resistance. Recently, it was reported that DNA replication fork protection also contributed to PARPi resistance in BRCA1/2-deficient cells and patients. Moreover, various factors, such as reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, restoration of ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) and pharmacological alteration lead to PARPi resistance as well. In this review, we reviewed the underlying mechanisms of PARP inhibitor resistance in detail and summarized the potential strategies to overcome PARPi resistance and increase PARPi sensitivity.
Journal Article
The Role of Autophagy in Osteoarthritis
Chondrocytes are the only cell type in normal cartilage. The pathological changes of osteoarthritis (OA) mostly revolve around the apoptosis and dysfunction of chondrocytes. Autophagy, as an intracellular degradation system that maintains the steady state of energy metabolism in cells, has been shown to restore the function of damaged chondrocytes, alleviating the occurrence and progression of OA. In this review, we explored the relationship between autophagy and OA and the key molecules of autophagy pathway that regulate the progression of OA, providing new ideas for OA treatment by targeting autophagy.
Journal Article
Electrosynthesis of chlorine from seawater-like solution through single-atom catalysts
The chlor-alkali process plays an essential and irreplaceable role in the modern chemical industry due to the wide-ranging applications of chlorine gas. However, the large overpotential and low selectivity of current chlorine evolution reaction (CER) electrocatalysts result in significant energy consumption during chlorine production. Herein, we report a highly active oxygen-coordinated ruthenium single-atom catalyst for the electrosynthesis of chlorine in seawater-like solutions. As a result, the as-prepared single-atom catalyst with Ru-O
4
moiety (Ru-O
4
SAM) exhibits an overpotential of only ~30 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
in an acidic medium (pH = 1) containing 1 M NaCl. Impressively, the flow cell equipped with Ru-O
4
SAM electrode displays excellent stability and Cl
2
selectivity over 1000 h continuous electrocatalysis at a high current density of 1000 mA cm
−2
. Operando characterizations and computational analysis reveal that compared with the benchmark RuO
2
electrode, chloride ions preferentially adsorb directly onto the surface of Ru atoms on Ru-O
4
SAM, thereby leading to a reduction in Gibbs free-energy barrier and an improvement in Cl
2
selectivity during CER. This finding not only offers fundamental insights into the mechanisms of electrocatalysis but also provides a promising avenue for the electrochemical synthesis of chlorine from seawater electrocatalysis.
Chlor-alkali process plays an important role in the chemical industry. However, large overpotential and low selectivity of currently used catalysts lead to high energy consumption. Here the authors report Ru-O
4
single site catalysts for chlorination evolution with 1000 h stability at 1000 mA cm
−2
in a seawater-like environment.
Journal Article
Gallium nitride catalyzed the direct hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to dimethyl ether as primary product
The selective hydrogenation of CO
2
to value-added chemicals is attractive but still challenged by the high-performance catalyst. In this work, we report that gallium nitride (GaN) catalyzes the direct hydrogenation of CO
2
to dimethyl ether (DME) with a CO-free selectivity of about 80%. The activity of GaN for the hydrogenation of CO
2
is much higher than that for the hydrogenation of CO although the product distribution is very similar. The steady-state and transient experimental results, spectroscopic studies, and density functional theory calculations rigorously reveal that DME is produced as the primary product via the methyl and formate intermediates, which are formed over different planes of GaN with similar activation energies. This essentially differs from the traditional DME synthesis via the methanol intermediate over a hybrid catalyst. The present work offers a different catalyst capable of the direct hydrogenation of CO
2
to DME and thus enriches the chemistry for CO
2
transformations.
The conversion of CO
2
to valuable chemicals is still challenged by catalyst developments. Herein, the authors found that GaN is an efficient catalyst for selective CO
2
hydrogenation to dimethyl ether as the primary product, in contrast to the traditional methanol-intermediate route over hybrid catalysts.
Journal Article
Device-independent randomness expansion against quantum side information
The ability to produce random numbers that are unknown to any outside party is crucial for many applications. Device-independent randomness generation1–4 does not require trusted devices and therefore provides strong guarantees of the security of the output, but it comes at the price of requiring the violation of a Bell inequality for implementation. A further challenge is to make the bounds in the security proofs tight enough to allow randomness expansion with contemporary technology. Although randomness has been generated in recent experiments5–9, the amount of randomness consumed in doing so has been too high to certify expansion based on existing theory. Here we present an experiment that demonstrates device-independent randomness expansion1–3,10–15. By developing a Bell test setup with a single-photon detection efficiency of around 84% and by using a spot-checking protocol, we achieve a net gain of 2.57 × 108 certified bits with a soundness error of 3.09 × 10−12. The experiment ran for 19.2 h, which corresponds to an average rate of randomness generation of 13,527 bits per second. By developing the entropy accumulation theorem4,16,17, we establish security against quantum adversaries. We anticipate that this work will lead to further improvements that push device-independence towards commercial viability.Device-independent randomness expansion is demonstrated in an experiment that is secure against quantum adversaries as established by the entropy accumulation theorem.
Journal Article
Ambient Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: From Theoretical Guidance to Catalyst Design
Ammonia, a vital component in the synthesis of fertilizers, plastics, and explosives, is traditionally produced via the energy‐intensive and environmentally detrimental Haber–Bosch process. Given its considerable energy consumption and significant greenhouse gas emissions, there is a growing shift toward electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis as an eco‐friendly alternative. However, developing efficient electrocatalysts capable of achieving high selectivity, Faraday efficiency, and yield under ambient conditions remains a significant challenge. This review delves into the decades‐long research into electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis, highlighting the evolution of fundamental principles, theoretical descriptors, and reaction mechanisms. An in‐depth analysis of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and nitrate reduction reaction (NitRR) is provided, with a focus on their electrocatalysts. Additionally, the theories behind electrocatalyst design for ammonia synthesis are examined, including the Gibbs free energy approach, Sabatier principle, d‐band center theory, and orbital spin states. The review culminates in a comprehensive overview of the current challenges and prospective future directions in electrocatalyst development for NRR and NitRR, paving the way for more sustainable methods of ammonia production. This review delves into the decades‐long research into electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis, highlighting the evolution of fundamental principles, theoretical descriptors, and reaction mechanisms and paving the way for more sustainable methods of ammonia production.
Journal Article