Explore the vast range of titles available.

Urban outdoor space is an important activity place for residents, and its thermal environment directly affects residents’ quality of life and physical and mental health. Due to global climate change and the acceleration of urbanization, the outdoor thermal comfort of urban residents has seriously declined, causing more and more scholars to pay attention to this problem and to carry out research. This paper summarizes the development history and evaluation principles of outdoor thermal comfort evaluation indices and sorts out the methods for achieving outdoor thermal comfort. This paper reviews the effects of urban climate, local microclimate, physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors on outdoor thermal comfort. In addition, strategies for improving thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces are discussed from the aspects of urban geometry, vegetation, surface materials, and water bodies. Finally, the existing problems and development directions of current urban outdoor space thermal comfort studies are pointed out. This review paper can provide a reference for the scientific planning and construction of urban outdoor spaces to improve people’s thermal comfort.

Positive indoor environments can improve occupant comfort and well-being by inducing positive perceptual outcomes [...]

With the intensification of urbanization, resulting in the growing building stock, building operations have become the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. However, the relationship between urban form and carbon emissions remains unclear, which limits the sustainable development of cities. This study reviews the definition of carbon sources, data characteristics, and evaluation methods of carbon emissions. In addition, the impact of urban form on building carbon emissions at the macro, meso, and micro scales is reviewed, and low-carbon design strategies for urban form are discussed. Finally, the existing problems in this field are pointed out, and future research directions are proposed. Our review found that small and medium-sized compact cities tend to have less carbon emissions, while large cities and megacities with compact urban forms have more carbon emissions. The carbon reduction design of urban form at the meso scale is often achieved by improving the microclimate. Developing a research framework for the impact mechanism of building carbon emissions in a coordinated manner with multi-scale urban forms can effectively promote the development of low-carbon sustainable cities. This review can assist urban planners and energy policymakers in selecting appropriate methods to formulate and implement low-carbon city analysis and planning projects based on limited available resources.

Background Drug resistance has led to the failure of immunotherapy in triple negative breast cancer patients. Here we aimed to explore the mechanisms of drug resistance in patients in order to enhance their response to immunotherapy. Methods We downloaded publicly available single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients after treatment to investigate the possible mechanisms of drug resistance. The publicly available TCGA transcriptomic data and somatic mutation data were used for further validation. In this study, a series of bioinformatics and machine learning methods were employed. Results We identified the vital roles of CD8+ NKT cells and classical monocytes in the immunotherapy response of triple‐negative breast cancer patients. The proportion of these cell types was significantly increased in group partial response. We also found that downregulation of ferroptosis‐related genes regulates the immune pathway. The analysis of scRNA data and TCGA transcriptomic data presented that DUSP1 may play a crucial role in immunotherapy resistance. Conclusion Overall, the composition of the tumor microenvironment affects the immunotherapy response of patients, and DUSP1 may be a potential target for overcoming drug resistance. Combined therapy with atezolizumab and paclitaxel will downregulate the expression of DDIT4 in CD8+ NKT cells and DUSP1 in classical monocytes, which leading to reduced ferroptosis in both cells and consequently inhibited tumor progression.

Objective To search for a new biomarker that can predict the efficacy and prognosis of tumor immunotherapy. Method FOXK2 genes were analyzed using single‐cell sequencing in pan‐cancer bulk RNA‐seq from the TCGA database. We used algorithms to predict their immune infiltration. Functional enrichment and ChIP‐seq identified potential downstream gene, FBXO32. FBXO32's role in cancer immune response was explored through analysis. Results Significant up‐regulation of FOXK2 was observed in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), while no such increase was found in lung cancer (lung adenocarcinoma [LUAD], lung squamous cell carcinoma [LUSC]) or thyroid carcinoma (THCA) tumor and adjacent tissues. FOXK2 expression correlated with patient prognosis, with lower expression associated with better immune response and survival and higher expression of its downstream gene FBXO32 linked to worse overall survival (OS) and immune infiltration. FOXK2 has the potential to be used as a prognostic indicator and target for treatment in individuals with cancer. Conclusion Our research provides insights into the significance of FOXK2 in cancer and indicates its potential as both a prognostic indicator and target for treatment. The ribosome‐associated pathways involving FOXK2 and FBXO32 could be pivotal in the advancement of tumors, offering possible avenues for targeted and individualized immunotherapy approaches. Additional research is required to completely understand the mechanisms that are responsible for the participation of FOXK2 and its subsequent gene FBXO32 in cancer, as well as to explore the possible advantages of focusing on FOXK2 for cancer treatment. FOXK2 regulates the downstream gene FBXO32 in breast cancer and then activates ribosome‐associated pathways to promote tumor cell proliferation.

Good daylighting performance positively affects students’ physical and mental health, learning efficiency, and the building’s energy-saving capability. Due to the terrace classroom having ample space, large capacity, the ability to avoid obstructing sight, and the ability to meet various use needs, it is the most important place in university buildings. However, research on the daylighting performance of university terrace classrooms is limited, leading to a lack of quantitative guidance in early design stages. This study aims to explore the effects of interior space and window geometry of terrace classrooms in universities in severe cold regions on daylighting performance. This research took Shenyang as an example; spatial daylight autonomy (sDA300,50%) and useful daylight illuminance (UDI100–2000) were selected as daylighting performance evaluation indices. Based on the Grasshopper parametric platform, the simulation was carried out using Ladybug and Honeybee plugins. Correlation and regression analyses revealed the relationship between interior space and window geometry parameters and the evaluation indices. The results showed the following: window-to-floor ratio (WFR), classroom height (Htc), window height (Hw), window-to-wall ratio (WWR), classroom width (Wtc), and window width (Ww) have positive effects on improving the daylight sufficiency of the terrace classrooms facing each orientation, and the degree of the effect decreases in order. To ensure the overall daylighting performance, the Wtc can be maximized. The width of walls between windows for south-facing and west-facing classrooms should be 0.9 m. The WWR and WFR for south-facing classrooms should be 0.3–0.5 and 0.11–0.14, respectively. The WWR and WFR for north-facing classrooms should be 0.6–0.7 and 0.14–0.20, respectively. Prediction models are established for the sDA300,50% and UDI100–2000 of the terrace classrooms facing each orientation.

Improving solar availability in urban blocks is vital to promoting energy conservation and emissions reduction. However, there are very few studies on the impact of block morphology on solar energy availability in high-density cities based on the particularities of climate and solar energy resources in severe cold regions at higher latitudes. This study took 434 block models generated through seven orientation conditions of 62 residential blocks in Harbin, China, as its research object. Through numerical simulations and statistical analysis, it revealed the quantitative relationship between block morphology and the availability of active photovoltaic and solar thermal collector technologies and passive thermal heating technologies. The results show that active solar technology has the highest availability in multi-story enclosed residential blocks, and passive thermal heating has the highest availability in the multi-high-level mixed-row type. The south façade of the building has the greatest active and passive solar availability. The overall active solar availability of the residential block is significantly negatively correlated with the mean building height, floor area ratio, and volume area ratio; it is significantly positively correlated with site coverage and the standard deviation of the building height. Controlling the block’s orientation between 15° south by west and 15° south by east can increase the active solar availability of the façade. This study provides a reference and evaluation basis for the sustainable planning and design of high-density cities in severely cold regions.

The unique climate and the landscape of severely cold regions in winter attract many tourists. The outdoor thermal environment affects the space use and the tourist experience, becoming one of the key factors in the design of tourist attractions. The outdoor thermal comfort of tourists from different regions should be considered, but it has been poorly studied in winter in severely cold regions. This paper explores the differences in outdoor thermal comfort in winter between local and non-local tourists through the field measurement of the thermal environment and a questionnaire survey of thermal comfort at tourist attractions in Harbin, China. The results show that the proportion of local tourists who expect the air temperature and solar radiation to rise in winter is higher than that of non-local tourists. The thermal sensation vote of local tourists is generally higher than that of non-local tourists. When the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) < −6 °C, the thermal satisfaction of non-local tourists is higher than that of local tourists. When the PET value is −10 °C, the thermal comfort of non-local tourists is the highest. The thermal comfort decreases with the rise or fall of the PET value. When −28 °C < PET < −7 °C, the thermal comfort of non-local tourists is generally higher than that of local tourists. This paper provides a reference and evaluation basis for urban tourist attractions’ outdoor thermal environment design in severely cold regions.

MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88) is a key adaptor protein mediate immune responses, primarily through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling. The TLR/MYD88 pathway plays a critical role in dendritic cells (DC) maturation and function, contributing to the body's innate immunity. Recent studies have further highlighted MYD88's pivotal role in intrinsic immunity and its regulatory influence on the tumor microenvironment (TME) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of MYD88 in DCs and its regulatory role in the TME have gained increasing attention. RNA-sequencing data retrieved from the TCGA and GEO databases were utilized for both the training and validation of our signature. Single-cell RNA transcriptome data from GEO were analyzed to investigate the correlation among subclusters of T cells, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) within the HCC tumor microenvironment (TME). A combination of bioinformatics and machine learning approaches was employed to perform statistical analyses.Additionally, flow cytometry was conducted to quantify T cell subtypes and assess biomarker expression in DCs. A BALB/c-derived xenograft mouse model was established to evaluate the functional role of MyD88 in tumor progression and immunotherapy response. Furthermore, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to reassess the biological effects of MyD88 in HCC patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Our pan-cancer data analysis further highlights the significant impact of MYD88 on clinical outcomes in HCC. Analysis of TCGA and GEO databases confirms that MYD88 serves as a key signaling molecule in DCs, reinforcing its critical role in immune regulation. Our experiments demonstrates that MyD88 modulates T cell function through DCs. , H22 tumor cells exhibited accelerated growth in MyD88 knockout mice and a reduced response to anti-PD-1 treatment, whereas wild-type mice showed the opposite trend. These findings underscore the critical role of MYD88 in DC function, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for immunoregulation in HCC. By shaping the TME, MYD88 not only regulates the immune response in HCC but also influences patient clinical outcomes. Both ex vivo and experiments further validate that MYD88 impacts DC functionality, contributing to variations in HCC progression.

The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetables, and insights into regulation of its physiological processes contribute towards the development of new pesticides against it. Thus, we investigated the regulatory functions of its β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor (PxOctβ3). The open reading frame (ORF) of PxOctβ3 was phylogenetically analyzed, and the levels of expression of the receptor mRNA were determined. This ORF was also cloned and expressed in HEK-293 cells. A series of octopamine receptor agonists and antagonists were tested against PxOctβ3. We showed that the receptor is a member of the Octβ3 protein family, and an analysis using quantitative PCR showed that it was expressed at all developmental stages of P. xylostella. Octopamine activated PxOctβ3, resulting in increased levels of intracellular cAMP. Furthermore, the agonists naphazoline, clonidine, 2-phenethylamine, and amitraz activated the PxOctβ3 receptor, and naphazoline was the most effective. Only metoclopramide and mianserin had significant antagonistic effects on PxOctβ3, whereas yohimbine, phentolamine, and chlorpromazine lacked obvious antagonistic effects. The injection of double-stranded RNA in an RNA interference assay indicated that PxOctβ3 regulates development in P. xylostella. This study demonstrated the pharmacological properties and functions of PxOctβ3 in P. xylostella, thus, providing a theoretical basis for the design of pesticides that target octopamine receptors.