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"Long, Steven"
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Natura Pura
From speculative theology to the exegesis of Aquinas, to contemporary North American philosophy and Catholic social and ethical thought, to the thought of Benedict XVI, this work argues the crucial importance of the proportionate natural end within the context of grace and supernatural beatitude. Long argues that, in the effort to avoid naturalism, Henri de Lubac unwittingly consummated the loss of nature as a normative principle within theology, both doctrinally and exegetically with respect to the teaching of Aquinas. The author argues that this constitutes an understandable but grave error. De Lubac's view of the matter was adopted and extended by Hans Urs von Balthasar in The Theology of Karl Barth, in which Balthasar argues that Aquinas could not even consider pure nature because it was impossible for him even to make the conceptual distinction implied by this problem,a view contradicted by Aquinas's text. Long argues that in The Theology of Karl Barth, Balthasar's account evacuates nature of its specific ontological density and treats it as mere createdness as such,a kind of dimensionless point terminating the line of grace. Given the loss of natura within theological method, its recovery requires philosophic instrumentalities. In its third chapter this book argues that by reason of its lack of any unified philosophy of nature or metaphysics, the analytic thought so widespread in Anglophone circles is merely a partial metaphilosophy and so cannot replace the role of classical Thomism within theology. The fourth chapter argues against those who construe affirmation of a proportionate natural end as equivalent to social Pelagianism or minimalism in the public square, engaging the work of Jacques Maritain, Jean Porter, and David Schindler, Sr. In an appendix, the author examines the early thought of Cardinal Ratzinger / Pope Benedict XVI, and its development toward the Regensburg Lecture.
eBook
On the trend, detrending, and variability of nonlinear and nonstationary time series
Determining trend and implementing detrending operations are important steps in data analysis. Yet there is no precise definition of \"trend\" nor any logical algorithm for extracting it. As a result, various ad hoc extrinsic methods have been used to determine trend and to facilitate a detrending operation. In this article, a simple and logical definition of trend is given for any nonlinear and nonstationary time series as an intrinsically determined monotonic function within a certain temporal span (most often that of the data span), or a function in which there can be at most one extremum within that temporal span. Being intrinsic, the method to derive the trend has to be adaptive. This definition of trend also presumes the existence of a natural time scale. All these requirements suggest the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method as the logical choice of algorithm for extracting various trends from a data set. Once the trend is determined, the corresponding detrending operation can be implemented. With this definition of trend, the variability of the data on various time scales also can be derived naturally. Climate data are used to illustrate the determination of the intrinsic trend and natural variability.
Journal Article
On Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis: A Full Informational Spectral Representation for Nonlinear and Non-Stationary Data
The Holo-Hilbert spectral analysis (HHSA) method is introduced to cure the deficiencies of traditional spectral analysis and to give a full informational representation of nonlinear and non-stationary data. It uses a nested empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) approach to identify intrinsic amplitude and frequency modulations often present in nonlinear systems. Comparisons are first made with traditional spectrum analysis, which usually achieved its results through convolutional integral transforms based on additive expansions of an a priori determined basis, mostly under linear and stationary assumptions. Thus, for non-stationary processes, the best one could do historically was to use the time- frequency representations, in which the amplitude (or energy density) variation is still represented in terms of time. For nonlinear processes, the data can have both amplitude and frequency modulations (intra-mode and inter-mode) generated by two different mechanisms: linear additive or nonlinear multiplicative processes. As all existing spectral analysis methods are based on additive expansions, either a priori or adaptive, none of them could possibly represent the multiplicative processes. While the earlier adaptive HHT spectral analysis approach could accommodate the intra-wave nonlinearity quite remarkably, it remained that any inter-wave nonlinear multiplicative mechanisms that include cross-scale coupling and phase-lock modulations were left untreated. To resolve the multiplicative processes issue, additional dimensions in the spectrum result are needed to account for the variations in both the amplitude and frequency modulations simultaneously. HHSA accommodates all the processes: additive and multiplicative, intra-mode and inter-mode, stationary and nonstationary, linear and nonlinear interactions. The Holo prefix in HHSA denotes a multiple dimensional representation with both additive and multiplicative capabilities.
Journal Article
Combined Effects of Confinement and Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Stability
Confinement and crowding have been shown to affect protein fates, including folding, functional stability, and their interactions with self and other proteins. Using both theoretical and experimental studies, researchers have established the independent effects of confinement or crowding, but only a few studies have explored their effects in combination; therefore, their combined impact on protein fates is still relatively unknown. Here, we investigated the combined effects of confinement and crowding on protein stability using the pores of agarose hydrogels as a confining agent and the biopolymer, dextran, as a crowding agent. The addition of dextran further stabilized the enzymes encapsulated in agarose; moreover, the observed increases in enhancements (due to the addition of dextran) exceeded the sum of the individual enhancements due to confinement and crowding. These results suggest that even though confinement and crowding may behave differently in how they influence protein fates, these conditions may be combined to provide synergistic benefits for protein stabilization. In summary, our study demonstrated the successful use of polymer-based platforms to advance our understanding of how in vivo like environments impact protein function and structure.
Journal Article
Patient-derived xenograft models of Fanconi anemiaassociated head and neck cancer identify personalized therapeutic strategies
Fanconi anemia (FA) confers a high risk (~700-fold increase) of solid tumor formation, most often head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). FA germline DNA repair defects preclude administration of most chemotherapies, and prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation limits the use of immunotherapy. Thus, surgery and judicious delivery of radiation offer the only treatment options, with most patients dying from their cancers. A paucity of preclinical models has limited the development of new treatments. Here, we report what to our knowledge are the first patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of FA-associated HNSCC (FA-HNSCC) and highlight the efficacy of FDA-approved EGFR-targeted therapies in tumors with high EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR levels and the activity of the FDA-approved B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibitor venetoclax in a FAHNSCC PDX overexpressing Bcl-2. These findings support the development of precision medicine approaches for FA-HNSCC.
Journal Article
Patient-derived xenograft models of Fanconi anemia–associated head and neck cancer identify personalized therapeutic strategies
Fanconi anemia (FA) confers a high risk (~700-fold increase) of solid tumor formation, most often head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). FA germline DNA repair defects preclude administration of most chemotherapies, and prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation limits the use of immunotherapy. Thus, surgery and judicious delivery of radiation offer the only treatment options, with most patients dying from their cancers. A paucity of preclinical models has limited the development of new treatments. Here, we report what to our knowledge are the first patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of FA-associated HNSCC (FA-HNSCC) and highlight the efficacy of FDA-approved EGFR-targeted therapies in tumors with high EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR levels and the activity of the FDA-approved B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibitor venetoclax in a FA-HNSCC PDX overexpressing Bcl-2. These findings support the development of precision medicine approaches for FA-HNSCC.
Journal Article
Analogia Entis
Analogia Entis: On the Analogy of Being, Metaphysics, and
the Act of Faith is an intellectually rigorous and systematic
account of Thomas's teaching regarding the analogy of being. Steven
A. Long's work stands in contradistinction to historical-doctrinal
surveys and general introductions, retrieving by way of an
interpretation of Aristotle and Aquinas the indispensable role that
analogy of being plays for metaphysics and, consequently, for
theology.
In his later writings St. Thomas did not return to questions
about the analogy of being that he had answered earlier in his
career. This has led most historical-textual treatments of analogy
in current scholarship to the mistaken conclusion that Thomas
actually changed his answers to these questions. Scholars fail to
see the continuity between his treatment in the Summa
theologiae and his earlier De veritate . Long's study
demonstrates the coherence of St. Thomas's earlier and later
analyses. It shows how Thomas's later account in the Summa
theologiae necessarily presupposes his earlier teaching.
This is a book that invites the reader to a demanding and
speculatively intense appreciation of the metaphysics of analogy.
It will contribute significantly to the growing debate on the
analogy of being.
eBook
Global Cytopathology-Hematopathology Practice Trends
Abstract
Objectives
Small-volume biopsy—fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) with or without core biopsy—is in increasing use in diagnosis and management of lymphoma patients. Our objective was to survey the current practice in small-volume biopsy diagnosis of lymphoma, focusing on the interaction among hematopathologists and cytopathologists and the integration of FNAB, core biopsy, and flow cytometry studies at sign-out.
Methods
This study used a cross-sectional survey design employing the RedCap database distributed via nine pathology professional society email listservs. The survey consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions and several free text fields. In total, 128 pathologists participated.
Results
Most respondents indicated that FNAB specimens in which lymphoma is a diagnostic consideration (FNAB-L) are seen daily or weekly (68/116; 58.6%). However, most institutions have separate hematopathology and cytopathology services (72/116; 62.1%) with inconsistent communication. When communication occurred, respondents were frequently inclined to reconsider their original diagnoses. Barriers identified included lack of communication, inadequate access to diagnostic studies, no formal subspecialty training, and various opinions regarding FNAB in diagnosing lymphoma.
Conclusions
This survey showed that FNAB-L specimens are common, with a lack of uniformity in how complementary fine-needle aspiration and core biopsy specimens or flow immunophenotyping results are shared across hematopathology and cytopathology services.
Journal Article