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Increased international trade flows and reduced trade restrictions have sparked ongoing debate and discussion about the influence of international trade on economic progress. Based on the empirical evaluation, the paper investigates the impact of trade openness on Kazakhstan's economic growth in a multivariate framework. It includes investment, international trade, labour force, human capital, and natural resource as explanatory constructs when gross domestic product per capita is the regressand variable. This research aims to assess the long-term relationship between trade and income development in Kazakhstan from 1992 to 2020. The Phillips and Perron (1988) and augmented Dickey and Fuller (1981) tests are used to check data stationarity. The bound test shows that the concerned variables have a long-term relationship. The results conclude that trade negatively impacts growth in the short and long run. While capital formation, labour quantity, quality, and natural resources positively affect the development of Kazakhstan's economy. This negative impact of trade on growth could be attributed to the country's shortage of good institutions and inefficient management, economic structure, and development policies. Also, it could be due to the substantial negative impact of imports countering the positive effect of exports.

The present study examines import determinants of Pakistan with the top 28 trade partners from 2002 to 2018. To achieve this objective, the augmented gravity model of trade has been applied by incorporating both time-variant and time-invariant variables. In addition, the analysis quantifies the impact of free trade agreements (FTA) signed by Pakistan with China and other trade partners. The results show that along with income and distance, FTA, common language, and common border plays an essential role in imports of Pakistan with its main trade partners. In addition to identifying trade determinants, the impact of adherence to a particular trade agreement was also examined. The results indicate that FTA signed by Pakistan with China and other trade partners has created trade opportunities for participating countries, highlighting the importance of trade liberalization for the long-run development of the country.

In this paper, basic and augmented gravity model has been applied to estimate India's trade potential with Central Asian States. Panel data for the period 2000-2012 is employed in the analysis. The coefficients obtained from the gravity equations are then used to predict trade potentials between the regions. Results reveal that India's trade potential is tremendous with this region, and currently there are few geo-political issues that hinder the pathways of trade between the two regions. Specifically, the political tensions in neighbouring countries, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan, are the major hindrances. In this context, therefore, both regions should look at ways and means to further improve their trade relations. Revival of historical and cultural links between India and Central Asian republics may prove positive in boosting bilateral trade.

An Aid to the MRCP PACES Volume 3: Station 5 is a brand new, fully updated edition of the best-selling PACES revision guide to address the newest Station, covering Integrated Clinical Assessment, with content guided by the experiences of PACES candidates. The cases and scenarios have been written in accordance with the latest examining and marking schemes used for the exam providing an invaluable training and revision aid for all MRCP PACES candidates. In order to fully support candidates taking the exam, this trilogy of best-selling revision aids is now presented as: An Aid to the MRCP PACES Volume 1: Stations 1 and 3, Fourth Edition 9780470655092 An Aid to the MRCP PACES Volume 2: Stations 2 and 4, Fourth Edition 9780470655184 An Aid to the MRCP PACES Volume 3: Station 5, Fourth Edition 9781118348055.

This study aims to identify the main determinants of the annual trade flows of Pakistan with its top trade partners, particularly those with which the country has signed trade agreements. Given the current economic conditions of Pakistan, it is crucial to pinpoint the key factors influencing trade to capitalize on global trade openness. In addition to identifying these trade determinants, the study examines the impact of adherence to specific trade agreements. The results indicate that the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed by Pakistan with China and other trade partners have created significant trade opportunities for the participating countries. This underscores the importance of trade liberalization for the long-term development of Pakistan. Furthermore, the trade potential of Pakistan with selected trade partners has also been estimated.  

This study aims at identifying the main determinants of the annual trade flows of Pakistan with its top trade partners, including those with which the country has signed trade agreements. Given the present economic conditions of the country, it is important to identify the main determinants of trade so that the country can benefit from bade openness around the world. In addition to identifying trade determinants, the impact of adherence to a particular trade agreement was also examined. The results indicate that FTA signed by Pakistan with China and other trade parbiers has created trade opportunities for participating counbies, highlighting the importance of trade liberalization for the long-run development of the country. Besides, the trade potential of Pakistan with selected bade parbiers has also been estimated.

This new edition of An Aid to the MRCP Paces Volume 2: Stations 2 and 4 has been fully revised and updated, and reflects feedback from PACES candidates as to which cases frequently appear in each station. The cases and scenarios have been written in accordance with the latest examining and marking schemes used for the exam providing an invaluable training and revision aid for all MRCP PACES candidates.

Energy is critical, directly or indirectly, in the entire process of evolution, growth and survival of all living beings and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development and human welfare of a country. It is seen as a 'strategic commodity' and any uncertainty about its adequate availability can threaten normal functioning of an economy, predominantly those which are developing. Realizing the energy security in its strategic sense, is of fundamental importance not only to economic growth but also for the human development objectives that aims at the alleviation of poverty, unemployment and meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Thus, energy is thought 'the lifeblood of modern economies' as there exists a strong link between the energy consumption and economic growth. Central Asian countries comprising Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are among those countries which are blessed with significant energy resources. In view of their existing potential, the harnessing of energy wealth in these Central Asian countries will not only fulfill their domestic demand but also leave a large share for export. In order to sustain the long run growth, the Central Asian Countries known for inefficient energy consumption pattern have to bring efficiency and spend judiciously the earnings realized through surplus energy exports. For maintaining and enhancing energy exports, they should also invest in areas of renewable energy like solar and wind. Importantly, in view the vital and crucial role of energy in the process of economic growth, and the link between energy consumption and real output for five Central Asian countries suggests that inefficient energy consumption pattern, if continues, may negatively effects their economic growth which eventually would results a fall in income and employment. Thus, according to the results, Central Asian countries would be in large profit by adopting energy conservation policy to avoid any kind of energy shortages. In this backdrop, the present study has been undertaken to study the energy consumption pattern of Central Asian countries and suggest for the pattern, which is efficient and sustainable. However, the study is delimited to hydrocarbon and hydropower of five Central Asian States.

Jammu & Kashmir state, in the context of development, has some inherent economic disadvantages and from past few decades, simultaneously, has been suffering badly due to extremely adverse situations which has not only hampered the size and nature of its developmental scenario, but gave rise to the critical problems like unemployment. Notwithstanding the state is unique tourist destination in the sense as it offers attractions for varied type of tourists, as Jammu being known for pilgrim tourism, Kashmir for scenic and Ladakh for adventurous tourism. This kind of distinctiveness is seen only in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The state has a huge tourist potential while the growth and development of other sectors was restricted due to certain natural limitations. Being a hilly region, the state's peculiar features did not allow its industrial sector to gain momentum. Agriculture, being the mainstay of the state economy, has its own limitations, like single crop season and small size of holdings. With the growth of population, there has been increase in the work force that needs to be engaged. Given the capacity of other sectors in the state, tourism has been the main sector which offers great scope to the growing able body work force. However, the on-going situation in the state has not only squeezed the space for adjustment but also leftalready absorbed large chunk jobless and adversely affected macroeconomic variables of the state economy. In this backdrop, the present study tries to evaluate the impact of conflict on the macroeconomic variables and explores that how it affected the physical, social, human and institutional capital of the state. However, the inferences have been drawn on the basis of time series data for 26 years (1990-2016) with the help of Multi Regression Model and Johnsen's Co-integration Test.

Energy is one of the Central Asia's crucial resources and the region intends to accelerate and harness this potential, assigning it top priority in developmental planning. The development of energy sector is expected to usher in enormous economic benefits, attract huge investments and strengthen bilateral and multilateral trade with improving regional cooperation. With the increase in hydrocarbons and generation of hydropower in Central Asian republics, the region aims not only to provide domestic energy at affordable cost, but also turn into a net energy exporters in near future which would have a positive impact on the global energy demand. In this backdrop, the present research paper has been buildup with the main objective to highlight that how and to what extent these republics can transform their economies with the proper management of their available resources, particularly, hydrocarbon and hydropower. Moreover, the paper also examine the demand-supply mechanism which can help in regional integration and the benefits accrued thereof.