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This article examines the judicial treatment of offences of racial aggression and the phenomenon of attrition, through an investigation based on the case files of 500 racial hate crimes processed between 2006 and 2015 in three criminal courts in France. It shows that a combination of factors produce a high rate of case dismissal for unconfirmed racist offences, based on a hierarchy of infractions and types of racism, the differential treatment of victims and defendants (according to age, sex, social class, ethnicity, etc.), and the paradoxical over-representation of minorities among the suspects. Despite the legal and institutional differences between France and the United States, both countries draw on relatively similar forms of administrative and social comprehension.

This article provides a reflection on the issues that surround the construction of an original database within the context of a collective study on the judicial treatment of racist offences. How should information, initially produced by stakeholders for professional ends, be treated from a sociological perspective? This article makes several proposals for objectifying the judicial treatment of racist offences.

Cet article analyse le traitement judiciaire des infractions racistes et le phénomène de l’attrition, à partir d’une enquête sur 500 dossiers d’affaires racistes traitées entre 2006 et 2015 dans trois tribunaux correctionnels en France. Il montre qu’une combinaison de facteurs contribue à produire un taux élevé de classements sans suite pour infraction raciste non confirmée, fondé sur une hiérarchie des infractions et des types de racisme, une différence de traitement des victimes et des suspects (en fonction de l’âge, du sexe, de la classe sociale, de l’ethnicité, etc.), et une paradoxale surreprésentation des minoritaires parmi les suspects. Malgré les différences juridiques et institutionnelles entre la France et les États-Unis, les deux pays ont des catégories d’entendement administratives et sociales relativement similaires. This article examines the judicial treatment of offences of racial aggression and the phenomenon of attrition, through an investigation based on the case files of 500 racial hate crimes processed between 2006 and 2015 in three criminal courts in France. It shows that a combination of factors produce a high rate of case dismissal for unconfirmed racist offences, based on a hierarchy of infractions and types of racism, the differential treatment of victims and defendants (according to age, sex, social class, ethnicity, etc.), and the paradoxical over-representation of minorities among the suspects. Despite the legal and institutional differences between France and the United States, both countries draw on relatively similar forms of administrative and social comprehension.

Cet article soulève la question de la relation entre la probabilité d’occurrence des infractions racistes et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques du territoire. Il s’agit d’abord de faire un état des lieux de la littérature étasunienne et britannique sur la spatialisation des actes racistes en dégageant trois pôles (surdétermination des variables économiques, des variables démographiques, et combinaison des variables économiques et démographiques) et une série d’hypothèses (pouvoir menaçant, pouvoir différentiel, « quartier à défendre »), puis de tester celles-ci à partir du cas français. L’analyse des données géographiques issues d’une enquête collective, portant sur 483 affaires d’infractions racistes traitées dans deux tribunaux correctionnels français, et leur traitement statistique (tris croisés et régression logistique) contestent la thèse du « quartier à défendre », la plus partagée dans la littérature existante, parce qu’elle ne rend compte que d’une partie des actes racistes. Il est préférable de distinguer « racisme de proximité » et « racisme à distance » ainsi que quatre configurations spatiales spécifiques : de voisinage, de « conquête », de « défense » et de neutralité territoriale. Le croisement des données spatiales avec une série d’indicateurs met en lumière l’influence de variables à la fois économiques, sociales et démographiques dans l’occurrence des actes racistes. Ainsi, en prolongeant l’analyse de Jean-Claude Chamboredon et Madeleine Lemaire sur les conflits sociaux dans les grands ensembles français, l’article montre que la proximité spatiale s’articule avec distance sociale et raciale, favorisant les infractions racistes. This article raises the question of the relationship between the probability of racist offences occurring and the sociodemographic characteristics of a particular area. It begins by presenting an overview of the American and British literature on the spatialization of racist acts, and identifying three poles (over-determination of economic variables, demographic variables and a combination of economic and demographic variables) and a series of hypotheses (threatening power, differential power, “defended neighborhood”). It then tests these hypotheses based on the French case. The analysis of geographical data from a collective study of 483 cases of racist offences appearing before two French correctional courts, and their statistical treatment (cross tabulation and logistic regression) challenge the dominant hypothesis in the existing literature, that of “defended neighborhoods”, because it only accounts for a portion of racist acts. It is preferable to identify “local racism” and “remote racism” as well as the specific configurations in which it occurs: neighborhood, “conquest”, “defense”, and territorial neutrality. By correlating spatial data with a range of indicators, this article sheds light on the influence of economic, social, and demographic factors in the occurrence of racist acts. Following on from the work done by Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Madeleine Lemaire on social conflicts in French housing estates, this article shows that spatial proximity works in connection with social and racial distance to make racist offences more likely. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Frage der Beziehung zwischen der Okkurrenz Wahrscheinlichkeit der rassischen Verstöße und den soziodemographischen Charakteristiken des Territoriums. Zunächst wird eine Bestandsaufnahme vorgenommen der Literatur in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Großbritannien zur Spazialisation der rassischen Vorkommen, wobei drei Schwerpunkte (Überbestimmung der wirtschaftlichen Variablen, der demographischen Variablen, und die Kombination der wirtschaftlichen und demographischen Variablen), sowie eine Reihe von Hypothesen (bedrohende Macht, differentielle Macht, Verteidigung des Territoriums) unterstrichen werden. Anschließend werden diese Hypothesen am französischen Fall geprüft. Die Analyse der geographischen Daten aus einer Kollektivuntersuchung zu 483 Fällen von rassistischen Verstößen, die von zwei französischen Strafgerichten behandelt wurden, sowie deren statistische Auswertung (Kreuzsortierungen und logistische Regression) bestreiten die These des „zu verteidigenden Territoriums“, die am meisten in der vorliegenden Literatur angeführt wird, weil diese These nur einen Teil der rassistischen Vorkommen berücksichtigt. Es ist besser, den „Nachbarschaftsrassismus“ und den „Fernrassismus“ zu unterscheiden, sowie die vier spezifischen Raumkonfigurationen: die der Nachbarschaft, der „Eroberung“, der „Verteidigung“ und der territorialen Neutralität. Die Kreuzung der spazialen Daten mit einer Reihe von Indikatoren unterstreicht den Einfluss der sowohl wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und demographischen Variablen im Vorkommen der rassistischen Verstöße. Somit zeigt der Artikel, über die Analyse von Jean-Claude Chamboredon undMadeleine Lemaire zu den sozialen Konflikten in den französischen Wohnkomplexen hinaus, dass die spaziale Nähe sich mit der sozialen und rassischen Distanz artikulieren und die rassistischen Verstöße begünstigt. Este artículo plantea la cuestión de una relación entre probabilidad de infracciones racistas y características sociodemográficas del territorio. Se trata primero de hacer un estado de la cuestión en la literatura estadounidense y británica sobre la especialización de los actos racistas, destacando tres aspectos (sobre determinación de las variables económicas, de las variables demográficas y combinación de las variables económicas y demográficas) y una serie de hipótesis (poder amenazador, poder diferencial, “barrio por defender”), y luego confrontarlas con el caso francés. El análisis de datos geográficos sacados de una encuesta colectiva relativa a 483 casos de infracciones racistas instruidas en dos tribunales de primera instancia franceses, y su tratamiento estadístico (selección cruzada y regresión logística) contradicen la tesis del “barrio por defender”, la más compartida en la literatura existente, porque no representa sino una parte de los actos racistas. La distinción entre “racismo de proximidad” y “racismo a distancia” parece entonces más pertinente, así como cuatro configuraciones espaciales específicas: de vecindario, de “conquista”, de “defensa” y de neutralidad territorial. Al cruzar datos espaciales con una serie de indicadores, se puede sacar a la luz la influencia de variables tanto económicas como sociales y demográficas en la ocurrencia de los actos racistas. Así, al proseguir el análisis de Jean-Claude Chamboredon y Madeleine Lemaire acerca de los conflictos sociales en los grandes conjuntos urbanísticos suburbanos, el artículo muestra que la proximidad espacial se articula con distancia social y racial, lo que favorece las infracciones racistas.

L’article propose une réflexion sur les enjeux qui entourent la construction d’une base de données originale construite dans le cadre d’une enquête collective sur le traitement judiciaire des infractions racistes. Comment traiter, dans une perspective sociologique, des informations initialement produites par des acteurs à des fins professionnelles ? L’article avance plusieurs propositions pour objectiver le traitement judiciaire des infractions racistes.

L’article propose une réflexion sur les enjeux qui entourent la construction d’une base de données originale construite dans le cadre d’une enquête collective sur le traitement judiciaire des infractions racistes. Comment traiter, dans une perspective sociologique, des informations initialement produites par des acteurs à des fins professionnelles ? L’article avance plusieurs propositions pour objectiver le traitement judiciaire des infractions racistes. This article provides a reflection on the issues that surround the construction of an original database within the context of a collective study on the judicial treatment of racist offences. How should information, initially produced by stakeholders for professional ends, be treated from a sociological perspective ? This article makes several proposals for objectifying the judicial treatment of racist offences.

This article raises the question of the relationship between the probability of racist offences occurring and the sociodemographic characteristics of a particular area. It begins by presenting an overview of the American and British literature on the spatialization of racist acts, and identifying three poles (over-determination of economic variables, demographic variables and a combination of economic and demographic variables) and a series of hypotheses (threatening power, differential power, “defended neighborhood”). It then tests these hypotheses based on the French case. The analysis of geographical data from a collective study of 483 cases of racist offences appearing before two French correctional courts, and their statistical treatment (cross tabulation and logistic regression) challenge the dominant hypothesis in the existing literature, that of “defended neighborhoods”, because it only accounts for a portion of racist acts. It is preferable to identify “local racism” and “remote racism” as well as the specific configurations in which it occurs: neighborhood, “conquest”, “defense”, and territorial neutrality. By correlating spatial data with a range of indicators, this article sheds light on the influence of economic, social, and demographic factors in the occurrence of racist acts. Following on from the work done by Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Madeleine Lemaire on social conflicts in French housing estates, this article shows that spatial proximity works in connection with social and racial distance to make racist offences more likely.

Objetivo: analisar a percepção de graduandos sobre o processo de aprendizagem no Estágio Supervisionado Saúde Coletiva 1 (ESSC 1) da Faculdade de Ceilândia-Universidade de Brasília para constituição do Conselho Gestor de Unidade de Saúde (CGUS) com uso de Tecnologia Social (TS). Metodologia: pesquisaação e análise de conteúdo em um corpus, extraído do relatório e da avaliação, baseada em princípios da metodologia ativa de ensino-aprendizagem e na Teoria do Agir Comunicativo. Resultado: a TS promoveu interação mediatizada pela rede social (WhatsApp) e face-a-face com diferentes atores no exercício da democracia participativa. No ESSC 1 a construção da rede de relacionamento institucional estado/sociedade resultou na eleição do CGUS em atendimento à solicitação da gestora. Conclusão: a dinâmica pedagógica que subsidiou a interlocução entre atores sociais propiciou aos graduandos vivenciarem a participação deles mesmos e destes grupos na implementação na Atenção Primária em Saúde e experimentarem os efeitos da autonomia, emancipação e 'empoderamento'. Palavras-chave: Promoção da saúde; Participação da comunidade; Tecnologia social; Tecnologia educacional; Formação profissional em saúde. Aim: to analyze undergraduates' perception regarding the learning process in the Supervised Stage of Collective Health 1 (ESSC 1) Faculty of CeilândiaUniversity of Brasília for the constitution of the Health Unit Management Council (CGUS) with Social Technology. Methodology: action research and content analysis in a corpus, extracted from the report and assessment, based on principles of active teaching-learning methodology and Theory of Communicative Action. Result: social technology mediatized interaction through social network (WhatsApp) and face-to-face with different actors in the participatory democracy exercise. In the ESSC 1 the construction of the state/society institutional relationship network resulted in the election of the CGUS in response to manager request. Conclusion: the pedagogical dynamics that subsidized the interaction among social actors, allowed undergraduates to experience their own participation and the groups in the implementation of Primary Health Care and to experience the effects of autonomy, emancipation and empowerment. Keywords: Health promotion; Community participation; Social technology; Educational technology; Health human resource training.

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a experiência gerencial do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saúde do Sertão do Araripe de Pernambuco (Cisape). Para isso, utilizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo análise documental. Os documentos analisados foram relatórios produzidos por consultoria especializada, envolvida na implantação da gestão regionalizada e consorciada do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Pernambuco, no período de 2009 e 2010. Os resultados apontam que o Cisape adotou o modelo de gestão gerencialista, ou seja, orientado pela gestão pública pós-burocrática. A estrutura organizacional do Cisape foi definida como de direito público de natureza autárquica. A pesquisa identificou que em Pernambuco o Cisape se configurou como uma ferramenta importante para estimular a regionalização do SUS, porém com incipiente participação social. El propósito de este artículo es analizar la experiencia de gestión del Consorcio Intermunicipal de Salud Hinterland Araripe Pernambucano (Cisape). Para ello, se utilizó una investigación cualitativa de tipo de documento de análisis. Los documentos fueron analizados los informes elaborados por consultores especializados, que participan en la aplicación de la gestión regionalizada y el consorcio del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), en Pernambuco entre 2009 y 2010. Los resultados indican que la Cisape adoptó el modelo de gestión gerencial, es decir, impulsado por la gestión pública post-burocrático. La estructura organizativa de Cisape se definió como Ley Pública naturaleza autárquica. La investigación identificó que, en Pernambuco, la Cisape ha configurado como una herramienta importante para fomentar la regionalización del SUS, pero con la participación social incipiente. The purpose of this article was to analyze the managerial experience of the Inter-municipal Consortium of Health of Pernambuco's Sertão do Araripe (Cisape). To do it, we used a qualitative research of document analysis. The documents analyzed were reports produced by specialist consultants, involved in the implementation of regionalized and consortium management of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Pernambuco from 2009 to 2010. The results indicate that Cisape adopted the model of managerial management, ie, driven by the post-bureaucratic public management. The organizational structure of Cisape was defined as Public Law of autarchic nature. The research identified that, in Pernambuco, Cisape has been set as an important tool to encourage SUS' regionalization, but with incipient social participation.