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The treatment of methylene blue (MB) dye wastewater through the adsorption process has been a subject of extensive research. However, a comprehensive understanding of the thermodynamic aspects of dye solution adsorption is lacking. Previous studies have primarily focused on enhancing the adsorption capacity of methylene blue dye. This study aimed to develop an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for treating methylene blue dye wastewater and to gain insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of the adsorption process for optimization. An adsorbent with selective methylene blue dye adsorption capabilities was synthesized using rice straw as the precursor. Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the adsorption isotherms and models under various process conditions, aiming to bridge gaps in previous research and enhance the understanding of adsorption mechanisms. Several adsorption isotherm models, including Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir–Freundlich, were applied to theoretically describe the adsorption mechanism. Equilibrium thermodynamic results demonstrated that the calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity ( q e ) aligned well with the experimentally obtained data. These findings of the study provide valuable insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of methylene blue dye adsorption, with potential applications beyond this specific dye type. The utilization of rice straw as an adsorbent material presents a novel and cost-effective approach for MB dye removal from wastewater.

The synthesis of a number of bimetallic nanoparticles has been carried out in the past few years for commercial scale applications to promote environmental sustainability. This has been possible as the bimetallic nanoparticles possess harmonized physical and chemical properties. As compared to monometallic catalysts, these bimetallic nanoparticles displayed improved catalytic activity which may be due to the synergistic bonding among constituents and additional degrees of freedom. Furthermore, the manifestation of two different metals in bimetallic catalysts acts as a dynamic center and provides a favorable environment for the reactants to accelerate the reaction. The present review outlines a variety of procedures for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles. A comparison has also been made between biosynthesis and other conventional methods of preparation. In addition, application of these bimetallic nanoparticles for removal of hazardous organic pollutant, viz. 4-nitrophenol, has also been explored. This review aims at providing the researchers, a comprehensive outline of recent developments in this discipline.