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\"This book is a re-introduction to psychology. It focuses on great scholarly thinkers, beginning with Plato, Marcus Aurelius and St Augustine, who gave the field its foundational ideas long before better known 'founders', such as Galton, Fechner, Wundt and Watson appeared on the scene. Psychology can only achieve its full breadth and potential when we fully appreciate its scholarly legacy. Bruce Alexander and Curt Shelton also argue that the fundamental contradictions built into psychology's history have never been resolved, and that a truly pragmatic approach, as defined by William James, can produce a 'layered' psychology that will enable psychologists to face the fearsome challenges of the twenty-first century. A History of Psychology in Western Civilization claims that contemporary psychology has overemphasized the methods of physical science and that psychology will need a broader scientific orientation alongside a scholarly focus in order to fully engage the future\"-- Provided by publisher.

Winter annual grass species such as jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and feral rye (Secale cereale L.) negatively affect winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. To generate a novel in‐crop selective herbicide trait for winter annual grass control, mutagenesis was used to generate multiple winter wheat lines resistant to the acetyl co‐A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor quizalofop p‐ethyl (QPE). Field trials were performed to assess crop safety for wheat lines with one or two homoeologous mutations and to assess winter annual grass control with QPE treatments. Crop safety parameters including visual injury rating, plant height, grain yield, and kernel weight were evaluated following QPE treatment at multiple growth stages. The susceptible winter wheat cultivar Hatcher displayed 100% crop injury when treated at tillering in early spring or at jointing in late spring. Single‐gene lines generally had crop injury and yield loss, especially at the jointing application timing. The two‐mutation cultivars Incline AX and LCS Fusion AX had low to no injury or yield loss from QPE applications at all timings and no injury from high rate QPE applications (93 and 185 g ha−1) in either the fall or the spring. Control of downy brome and feral rye was highest (92–99%), while jointed goatgrass control ranged from a low of 73% at 93 g a.i. ha−1 to a high of 98% at 109 a.i. ha−1 QPE. Our data indicate that the targeted winter annual grass weeds are controlled by QPE at rates that have acceptable crop safety for two‐mutation QPE‐resistant wheat cultivars. Core Ideas Winter wheat cultivars with two acetyl co‐A carboxylase mutations had no yield loss from quizalofop treatment. Feral rye, downy brome, and jointed goatgrass were controlled by quizalofop. Quizalofop is a second postemergence selective mode of action for winter annual grasses.

Background While the process of informed consent is designed to transfer knowledge of the risks and benefits of treatment and to engage patients in shared medical decision-making, this is poorly done in routine clinical care. We assessed the impact of a novel informed consent form for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) that is more simply written, includes images of the procedure, and embeds individualized estimates of outcomes on multiple domains of successful informed consent and shared decision-making. Methods We interviewed 590 PCI patients receiving traditional consent documents and 527 patients receiving novel e PRISM consents at 9 US centers and compared patients’ perceptions, knowledge transfer, and engagement in medical decision-making. Heterogeneity across sites was assessed and adjusted for using hierarchical models. Results Site-adjusted analyses revealed more frequent review (72% for e PRISM vs 45% for original consents) and better understanding of the e PRISM consents (ORs = 1.8-3.0, depending upon the outcome) with marked heterogeneity across sites (median relative difference [MRD] in the ORs of e PRISM’s effect =2-3.2). Patients receiving e PRISM consents better understood the purposes and risks of the procedure (ORs = 1.9-3.9, MRDs = 1.1-6.2), engaged more in shared decision-making (proportional OR = 2.1 [95% CI = 1.02-4.4], MRD = 2.2) and discussed stent options with their physicians (58% vs. 31%; site-adjusted odds ratio = 2.7 [95% CI = 1.2, 6.3], MRD = 2.6) more often. Conclusions A personalized consent document improved the process of informed consent and shared decision-making. Marked heterogeneity across hospitals highlights that consent documents are but one aspect of engaging patients in understanding and participating in treatment.

Perturbations to the composition and function of bronchial bacterial communities appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. Unraveling the nature and mechanisms of these complex associations will require large longitudinal studies, for which bronchoscopy is poorly suited. Studies of samples obtained by sputum induction and nasopharyngeal brushing or lavage have also reported asthma-associated microbiota characteristics. It remains unknown, however, whether the microbiota detected in these less-invasive sample types reflect the composition of bronchial microbiota in asthma. Bacterial microbiota in paired protected bronchial brushings (BB; n = 45), induced sputum (IS; n = 45), oral wash (OW; n = 45), and nasal brushings (NB; n = 27) from adults with mild atopic asthma (AA), atopy without asthma (ANA), and healthy controls (HC) were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Though microbiota composition varied with sample type (p < 0.001), compositional similarity was greatest for BB-IS, particularly in AAs and ANAs. The abundance of genera detected in BB correlated with those detected in IS and OW (r median [IQR] 0.869 [0.748-0.942] and 0.822 [0.687-0.909] respectively), but not with those in NB (r = 0.004 [- 0.003-0.011]). The number of taxa shared between IS-BB and NB-BB was greater in AAs than in HCs (p < 0.05) and included taxa previously associated with asthma. Of the genera abundant in NB, only Moraxella correlated positively with abundance in BB; specific members of this genus were shared between the two compartments only in AAs. Relative abundance of Moraxella in NB of AAs correlated negatively with that of Corynebacterium but positively with markers of eosinophilic inflammation in the blood and BAL fluid. The genus, Corynebacterium, trended to dominate all NB samples of HCs but only half of AAs (p = 0.07), in whom abundance of this genus was negatively associated with markers of eosinophilic inflammation. Induced sputum is superior to nasal brush or oral wash for assessing bronchial microbiota composition in asthmatic adults. Although compositionally similar to the bronchial microbiota, the microbiota in induced sputum are distinct, reflecting enrichment of oral bacteria. Specific bacterial genera are shared between the nasal and the bronchial mucosa which are associated with markers of systemic and bronchial inflammation.

This follow-on paper describes the principal methods of implementing, and documents the results of exercising, a set of six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body equations of motion and planetary geodetic, gravitation and atmospheric models for simple vehicles in a variety of endo- and exo-atmospheric conditions with various NASA, and one popular open-source, engineering simulation tools. This effort is intended to provide an additional means of verification of flight simulations. The models used in this comparison, as well as the resulting time-history trajectory data, are available electronically for persons and organizations wishing to compare their flight simulation implementations of the same models.

Current practices in the formal reuse of wastewater through groundwater recharge are reviewed along with the regulations governing them.