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الأساطير الصينية
يجمع الكتاب المعطيات المفترقة في المؤلفات القديمة الصينية وترتب الأساطير المعينة في المكان المناسب مما يشكل نظام متفق مع سرد الأساطير العادية لتسهيل القراءة للأساطير الصينية الوفيرة بشكل عام. ويتميز الكتاب بتنظيم المواد التاريخية، وتجميع الحكايات، وإنشاء الهيكل العام لتاريخ الأساطير الصينية. من ناحية أخرى، يقارن بينها وبين الأساطير الغربية (خاصة اليونانية)، ويعرض كل منها على حدة. صدر الكتاب ضمن سلسلة «الصين الثقافية».
BOOK
Plasticity of the Central Nervous System Involving Peripheral Nerve Transfer
Peripheral nerve injury can lead to partial or complete loss of limb function, and nerve transfer is an effective surgical salvage for patients with these injuries. The inability of deprived cortical regions representing damaged nerves to overcome corresponding maladaptive plasticity after the reinnervation of muscle fibers and sensory receptors is thought to be correlated with lasting and unfavorable functional recovery. However, the concept of central nervous system plasticity is rarely elucidated in classical textbooks involving peripheral nerve injury, let alone peripheral nerve transfer. This article is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of central nervous system plasticity involving peripheral nerve injury by reviewing studies mainly in human or nonhuman primate and by highlighting the functional and structural modifications in the central nervous system after peripheral nerve transfer. Hopefully, it will help surgeons perform successful nerve transfer under the guidance of modern concepts in neuroplasticity.
Journal Article
سرقة فاكهة الجينسنغ
في بداية العالم عم الظلام الكون في الفترة التي سميت بـ «الفوضى الأزلية». وبعد مرور 5400 عام، طارت المواد الخفيفة إلى السماء وتحولت إلى الشمس والقمر والنجوم والأجرام الفلكية، وبعد 5400 عام أخرى تجمدت المواد الثقيلة وكونت المياه والنار والجبال والصخور والتربة، وبمرور 5400 عام أخرى وجدت الحياة على الأرض وانقسم العالم إلى أربع قارات الشرقية والغربية والجنوبية والشمالية، وفي القارة الشرقية كان هناك جبل يسمى جبل الأزهار والثمار على قمته صخرة خالدة، تعرضت الصخرة لضوء الشمس والقمر فاكتسبت قدرات خارقة، إلى أن انفجرت وجلبت الفوضى للعالم. وبعد أكثر من 500 كلف راهب من القارة الجنوبية بإحضار الكتب المقدسة من القارة عام الغربية للقضاء على الكوارث والآلام في العالم، ولم تنجح رحلته إلا بعد أن مر بعقبات بلغ عددها 81 عقبة. وترتبط هذه الأسطورة ارتباطا وثيقا بشخصية «القرد» الذي تجرأ وأعلن تمرده على السماء والأرض.
Book
A Balancing Act of Regulating On-Demand Ride Services
Regulating on-demand ride-hailing services (e.g., Uber and DiDi) requires a balance of multiple competing objectives: encouraging innovative business models (e.g., DiDi), sustaining traditional industries (e.g., taxi), creating new jobs, and reducing traffic congestion. This study is motivated by a regulatory policy implemented by the Chinese government in 2017 and a similar policy approved by the New York City Council in 2018 that regulate the “maximum” number of registered Uber/DiDi drivers. We examine the impact of these policies on the welfare of different stakeholders (i.e., consumers, taxi drivers, on-demand ride service company, and independent drivers). By analyzing a two-period dynamic game that involves these stakeholders, we find that, without government intervention, the on-demand ride service platform can drive the traditional taxi industry out of the market under certain conditions. Relative to no regulations and a complete ban policy, a carefully designed regulatory policy can strike a better balance of multiple competing objectives. Finally, if a government can reform the taxi industry by adjusting the taxi fare, then lowering the taxi fare instead of imposing a strict policy toward on-demand ride services can improve the total social welfare.
This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Journal Article
Inverse Optimization with Noisy Data
Inverse optimization refers to the inference of unknown parameters of an optimization problem based on knowledge of its optimal solutions. This paper considers inverse optimization in the setting where measurements of the optimal solutions of a convex optimization problem are corrupted by noise. We first provide a formulation for inverse optimization and prove it to be NP-hard. In contrast to existing methods, we show that the parameter estimates produced by our formulation are statistically consistent. Our approach involves combining a new duality-based reformulation for bilevel programs with a regularization scheme that smooths discontinuities in the formulation. Using epi-convergence theory, we show the regularization parameter can be adjusted to approximate the original inverse optimization problem to arbitrary accuracy, which we use to prove our consistency results. Next, we propose two solution algorithms based on our duality-based formulation. The first is an enumeration algorithm that is applicable to settings where the dimensionality of the parameter space is modest, and the second is a semiparametric approach that combines nonparametric statistics with a modified version of our formulation. These numerical algorithms are shown to maintain the statistical consistency of the underlying formulation. Finally, using both synthetic and real data, we demonstrate that our approach performs competitively when compared with existing heuristics.
Journal Article
Security Control of Cyber–Physical Systems under Cyber Attacks: A Survey
Cyber–physical systems (CPSs), which combine computer science, control systems, and physical elements, have become essential in modern industrial and societal contexts. However, their extensive integration presents increasing security challenges, particularly due to recurring cyber attacks. Therefore, it is crucial to explore CPS security control. In this review, we systematically examine the prevalent cyber attacks affecting CPSs, such as denial of service, false data injection, and replay attacks, explaining their impacts on CPSs’ operation and integrity, as well as summarizing classic attack detection methods. Regarding CPSs’ security control approaches, we comprehensively outline protective strategies and technologies, including event-triggered control, switching control, predictive control, and optimal control. These approaches aim to effectively counter various cyber threats and strengthen CPSs’ security and resilience. Lastly, we anticipate future advancements in CPS security control, envisioning strategies to address emerging cyber risks and innovations in intelligent security control techniques.
Journal Article
The characteristics and evolution of pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19 patients as assessed by AI-assisted chest HRCT
The characteristics and evolution of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have not been adequately studied. AI-assisted chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was used to investigate the proportion of COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis, the relationship between the degree of fibrosis and the clinical classification of COVID-19, the characteristics of and risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis, and the evolution of pulmonary fibrosis after discharge. The incidence of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with severe or critical COVID-19 was significantly higher than that in patients with moderate COVID-19. There were significant differences in the degree of pulmonary inflammation and the extent of the affected area among patients with mild, moderate and severe pulmonary fibrosis. The IL-6 level in the acute stage and albumin level were independent risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis. Ground-glass opacities, linear opacities, interlobular septal thickening, reticulation, honeycombing, bronchiectasis and the extent of the affected area were significantly improved 30, 60 and 90 days after discharge compared with at discharge. The more severe the clinical classification of COVID-19, the more severe the residual pulmonary fibrosis was; however, in most patients, pulmonary fibrosis was improved or even resolved within 90 days after discharge.
Journal Article
NF-κB Inducing Kinase Regulates Intestinal Immunity and Homeostasis
Intestinal immunity and homeostasis are maintained through the regulation of cytokine trafficking, microbiota, necrosis and apoptosis. Intestinal immunity and homeostasis participate in host defenses and inflammatory responses locally or systemically through the gut-organ axis. NF-κB functions as a crucial transcription factor mediating the expression of proteins related to the immune responses. The activation of NF-κB involves two major pathways: canonical and non-canonical. The canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed. Here, we present the current knowledge of NIK, a pivotal mediator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its role in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. This review also discusses the novel role of NIK signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Journal Article
The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn’s disease: A critical review
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes. Paneth cells prevent Crohn's disease by secreting α‐defensins and other antimicrobial peptides. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to Paneth cell dysfunction and trigger Crohn's disease. Potential therapies against those risk factors can be used to treat Crohn's disease.
Journal Article
A Study on Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT Based on Blockchain
Background/Motivation. Recently, a lot of interest in health is increasing due to the technology of the 4th industrial revolution. In particular, personal medical information through intelligent self-diagnosis is emerging as very important. However, such personal medical information causes many problems in security and reliability. Problem/Issues. Personal medical information accidents may occur on the server, but most of all, they occur more often in information sharing and data transmission. Therefore, in this paper, blockchain technology is applied to improve the reliability of such personal information management. Research Objective/Methodology. For intelligent healthcare incorporating blockchain technology, this study utilized the blockchain-based Internet of Things. In addition, information was accumulated using a number of measurement sensors to analyze individual ECG information. The measured biosignals were monitored for personalized diagnosis by analyzing the fused threshold. Result. In this paper, we implemented a monitoring system using measurement sensors to analyze individual biometric information. The implemented system information has improved reliability and security by incorporating blockchain technology.
Journal Article