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"Spivey, Michael (Michael James)"
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The Cambridge handbook of psycholinguistics
\"Our ability to speak, write, understand speech, and read is critical to our ability to function in today's society. As such, psycholinguistics, or the study of how humans learn and use language, is a central topic in cognitive science. This comprehensive handbook is a collection of chapters written not by practitioners in the field, who can summarize the work going on around them, but by trailblazers from a wide array of subfields, who have been shaping the field of psycholinguistics over the last decade. Some topics discussed include how children learn language, how average adults understand and produce language, how language is represented in the brain, how brain-damaged individuals perform in terms of their language abilities, and computer-based models of language and meaning. This is required reading for advanced researchers, graduate students, and upper-level undergraduates who are interested in the recent developments and the future of psycholinguistics\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics
Our ability to speak, write, understand speech and read is critical to our ability to function in today's society. As such, psycholinguistics, or the study of how humans learn and use language, is a central topic in cognitive science. This comprehensive handbook is a collection of chapters written not by practitioners in the field, who can summarize the work going on around them, but by trailblazers from a wide array of subfields, who have been shaping the field of psycholinguistics over the last decade. Some topics discussed include how children learn language, how average adults understand and produce language, how language is represented in the brain, how brain-damaged individuals perform in terms of their language abilities and computer-based models of language and meaning. This is required reading for advanced researchers, graduate students and upper-level undergraduates who are interested in the recent developments and the future of psycholinguistics.
eBook
Continuous Attraction toward Phonological Competitors
Certain models of spoken-language processing, like those for many other perceptual and cognitive processes, posit continuous uptake of sensory input and dynamic competition between simultaneously active representations. Here, we provide compelling evidence for this continuity assumption by using a continuous response, hand movements, to track the temporal dynamics of lexical activations during real-time spoken-word recognition in a visual context. By recording the streaming x, y coordinates of continuous goal-directed hand movement in a spoken-language task, online accrual of acoustic-phonetic input and competition between partially active lexical representations are revealed in the shape of the movement trajectories. This hand-movement paradigm allows one to project the internal processing of spoken-word recognition onto a two-dimensional layout of continuous motor output, providing a concrete visualization of the attractor dynamics involved in language processing.
Journal Article
The New Georgia Encyclopedia Companion to Georgia Literature
Georgia has played a formative role in the writing of America. Few states have produced a more impressive array of literary figures, among them Conrad Aiken, Erskine Caldwell, James Dickey, Joel Chandler Harris, Carson McCullers, Flannery O'Connor, Jean Toomer, and Alice Walker. This volume contains biographical and critical discussions of Georgia writers from the nineteenth century to the present as well as other information pertinent to Georgia literature. Organized in alphabetical order by author, the entries discuss each author's life and work, contributions to Georgia history and culture, and relevance to wider currents in regional and national literature. Lists of recommended readings supplement most entries. Especially important Georgia books have their own entries: works of social significance such as Lillian Smith's Strange Fruit, international publishing sensations like Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind, and crowning artistic achievements including Jean Toomer's Cane. The literary culture of the state is also covered, with information on the Georgia Review and other journals; the Georgia Center for the Book, which promotes authors and reading; and the Townsend Prize, given in recognition of the year's best fiction. This is an essential volume for readers who want both to celebrate and learn more about Georgia's literary heritage.
eBook
Perception, as you make it
The main question that Firestone & Scholl (F&S) pose is whether “what and how we see is functionally independent from what and how we think, know, desire, act, and so forth” (sect. 2, para. 1). We synthesize a collection of concerns from an interdisciplinary set of coauthors regarding F&S's assumptions and appeals to intuition, resulting in their treatment of visual perception as context-free.
Journal Article
The cognitive functions of language
This paper explores a variety of different versions of the thesis that natural language is involved in human thinking. It distinguishes amongst strong and weak forms of this thesis, dismissing some as implausibly strong and others as uninterestingly weak. Strong forms dismissed include the view that language is conceptually necessary for thought (endorsed by many philosophers) and the view that language is de facto the medium of all human conceptual thinking (endorsed by many philosophers and social scientists). Weak forms include the view that language is necessary for the acquisition of many human concepts and the view that language can serve to scaffold human thought processes. The paper also discusses the thesis that language may be the medium of conscious propositional thinking, but argues that this cannot be its most fundamental cognitive role. The idea is then proposed that natural language is the medium for non-domain-specific thinking, serving to integrate the outputs of a variety of domain-specific conceptual faculties (or central-cognitive “quasi-modules”). Recent experimental evidence in support of this idea is reviewed and the implications of the idea are discussed, especially for our conception of the architecture of human cognition. Finally, some further kinds of evidence which might serve to corroborate or refute the hypothesis are mentioned. The overall goal of the paper is to review a wide variety of accounts of the cognitive function of natural language, integrating a number of different kinds of evidence and theoretical consideration in order to propose and elaborate the most plausible candidate.
Journal Article
Recent Advances in Liver Transplantation
Advances in liver transplantation continue to evolve but are hampered by continued increasing shortages in donor organs. This has resulted in a high incidence of patients dying while on the United Network for Organ Sharing waiting list. Indeed, we continue to assess ways of expanding the donor pool by using marginal donors, living donor liver transplantation, split liver transplantation, domino transplantation, and hepatic support systems to prolong survival long enough for the patient to undergo liver transplantation. Changes in the liver allocation policy to reduce the number of people dying while waiting for an organ are discussed. Implementation of the model for endstage liver disease allocation system should help alleviate the problem of increasing deaths of patients while on the waiting list. Recurrent disease, particularly recurrent hepatitis C, continues to be a major problem, and effective therapy is needed to prevent both progression of hepatitis C and recurrence in the graft and avoid retransplantation. The use of pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin holds promise for improving the success in overcoming recurrent hepatitis C. Finally, advances in immunosuppression have reduced the incidence of acute cellular rejection and chronic rejection. However, these therapies have been fraught with metabolic complications that are now affecting quality of life and long-term survival. Tailoring immunosuppressive regimens to the individual patient is discussed.
Journal Article
Changes in Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ Lymphocyte Counts and the Risk of Progression to AIDS
Assessments of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy based on clinical end points in patients with early or intermediate stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection typically take many years.
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As new antiretroviral agents become available, retaining patients in randomized, prospective trials for long periods will be increasingly difficult. Thus, to accelerate the evaluation of new drugs, determining whether other markers of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection can be used to predict an effect of treatment is a matter of great interest.
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There are several candidate markers for HIV-1 infection.
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The CD4+ lymphocyte count is the best characterized and is currently . . .
Journal Article
Comparison of Conventional and Biological Filter Performance for Cryptosporidium and microsphere removal
Previous studies involving filter runs seeded with oocysts have not shown significantly poorer removals during ripening. However, these studies typically did not seed oocysts throughout the preceding filter run, which is necessary for representative numbers of oocysts to be present in the backwash‐remnant water. In this study, four trials consisting of three to five consecutive filter runs were continuously seeded with oocysts and/or microsphere surrogates so that they would appear in the backwash‐remnant water of the successive run. Compared with concentrations in the postripening period, the concentrations of oocysts and microspheres found in the effluent under the influence of backwash‐remnant particles ranged from no higher to more than an order of magnitude higher, depending on filter type. Significant carryover of different‐colored microspheres was not observed in consecutive filter runs following the filter‐ripening period. During this study, conventional and biological filters showed similar average postripening oocyst and microsphere removals (roughly 1.7 and 2.1 log, respectively), but the biological filters exhibited significantly lower concentrations of oocysts and microspheres in the initial effluent samples containing backwash‐remnant particles left in the filter at the conclusion of the backwashing procedure.
Journal Article
A Randomized Clinical Study of a Calcium-Entry Blocker (Lidoflazine) in the Treatment of Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest
ALTHOUGH up to 40 percent of cardiac arrests L have been reported to be successfully reversed in selected series of patients,
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more than half of resuscitated patients die during hospitalization,
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many because of ischemic brain damage.
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,
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Abnormalities of calcium homeostasis in brain cells have been implicated in the pathophysiology of this process.
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Although a cause- and-effect relation has not been convincingly demonstrated, calcium loading of cells precedes necrosis
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and may be a final common pathway of cell death.
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,
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Calcium-entry blockers inhibit the influx of extracellular calcium into cells by blocking calcium transport through slow channels or by stabilizing membranes. By . . .
Journal Article