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Ameloblastoma is one of the most common benign odontogenic tumors of the jaw that constitutes about 10% of all tumors that arise in the mandible and maxilla. It is a slow-growing but locally invasive tumor that presents with painless swelling of the mandible or maxilla. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of 2017 describes ameloblastomas of the following four types: ameloblastoma; unicystic ameloblastoma; extraosseous/peripheral ameloblastoma; and metastasizing ameloblastoma. The diagnosis of ameloblastoma requires computerized tomography (CT) imaging as well as a biopsy. A biopsy is helpful in differentiating ameloblastoma from ossifying fibroma, osteomyelitis, giant cell tumor, cystic fibrous dysplasia, myeloma, and sarcoma. The best treatment of ameloblastoma is aggressive en bloc resection with simultaneous reconstruction. The high recurrence rate and large tissue defects have been long-standing issues in the treatment of ameloblastoma. Recent molecular developments strongly suggest the possibility of targeted therapy with better outcomes in ameloblastomas. We present a detailed updated narrative review of our current understanding and management of this enigmatic tumor.

Axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy are the commonest surgical modalities used for the treatment of axilla. [...]adoption of sentinel lymph node biopsy has led to significant reduction in the number of axillary dissections, and hence, the risk of seroma formation and prolonged axillary drainage has come down significantly. [...]well-designed studies are warranted to address these concerns.

Inter-individual genomic variations have recently become evident with advances in sequencing techniques and genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization. Among such variations single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are widely studied and better defined because of availability of large-scale detection platforms. However, insertion–deletions, inversions, copy-number variations (CNVs) also populate our genomes. The large structural variations (>3 Mb) have been known for past 20 years, however, their link to health and disease remain ill-defined. CNVs are defined as the segment of DNA >1 kb in size, and compared with reference genome vary in its copy number. All these types of genomic variations are bound to have vital role in disease susceptibility and drug response. In this review, the discussion is confined to CNVs and their link to health, diseases and drug response. There are several CNVs reported till date, which have important roles in an individual's susceptibility to several complex and common disorders. This review compiles some of these CNVs and analyzes their involvement in diseases in different populations, analyses available evidence and rationalizes their involvement in the development of disease phenotype. Combined with SNP, additional genomic variations including CNV, will provide better correlations between individual genomic variations and health.

Peer review system is the cornerstone of scientific publishing. The indented process is not as tedious as it has become, mainly due to the time delay, unavailability of expert reviewers, and the callous attitude of some. While there have been articles explaining the whole process and expressing the editor’s viewpoints on the peer review system, we wish to present the author’s perspective on this system.

Research on neutrophil biology has been limited by the short life span and limited genetic manipulability of these cells, driving the need for representative and efficient model cell lines. The promyelocytic cell line HL-60 and its subline PLB-985 can be differentiated into neutrophil-like cells (NLCs) and have been used to study neutrophil functions including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and degranulation. Compared to neutrophils derived from hematopoietic stem cells, NLCs serve as a cost-effective neutrophil model. NLCs derived from both HL-60 and PLB-985 cells have been shown to perform degranulation, an important neutrophil function. However, no study has directly compared the two lines as models for degranulation including their release of different types of mobilizable organelles. Furthermore, Nutridoma, a commercially available supplement, has recently been shown to improve the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst abilities of NLCs derived from promyelocytic cells, however it is unknown whether this reagent also improves the degranulation ability of NLCs. Here, we show that NLCs derived from both HL-60 and PLB-985 cells are capable of degranulating, with each showing markers for the release of multiple types of secretory organelles, including primary granules. We also show that differentiating HL-60 cells using Nutridoma does not enhance their degranulation activity over NLCs differentiated using Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) plus Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Finally, we show that promyelocytic cells can be genetically engineered and differentiated using these methods, to yield NLCs with a defect in degranulation. Our results indicate that both cell lines serve as effective models for investigating the mechanisms of neutrophil degranulation, which can advance our understanding of the roles of neutrophils in inflammation and immunity.

Background: Pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are notoriously difficult to treat, particularly in the context of multidrug resistance. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, though effective in various malignancies, has uncertain immunomodulatory effects on chronic infections such as MAC. Case Summary: We report a case of a 67-year-old man with at least a 6-year history of treatment refractory MAC who developed stage IIIB mismatch repair-deficient colon adenocarcinoma. Despite years of multidrug therapy, the patient had persistent positive acid-fast bacilli cultures. Upon initiation of pembrolizumab for colon cancer, with no concurrent anti-MAC therapy, he experienced radiologic and microbiologic improvement. Following subsequent reinitiation of multidrug MAC therapy, he achieved his first documented negative culture after over a decade of infection and has remained culture-negative and in cancer remission for over two years. Conclusions: This case suggests that immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab may enhance antimicrobial immune responses against MAC through PD-1 pathway modulation. The temporal association between pembrolizumab therapy and MAC clearance warrants further investigation into immunomodulatory approaches for drug-resistant mycobacterial infections, particularly as adjunctive therapy to conventional antimicrobial regimens.

Developing nations with resource limited settings see a higher proportion of presentation at advanced stages of breast cancer compared to developed nations because of poor public awareness and lack of screening guidelines. This study aimed to assess the impact of a video-based teaching module on breast cancer awareness and self-examination among literate women in a developing country. This quasi-experimental, community-based, intervention study was conducted among literate women of a metropolitan city in a developing country, to evaluate the impact of a video-based teaching module on breast cancer awareness and self-examination. Female school teachers over 25 years old with virtual platform access were included. Simple random sampling was used to select participant schools. The target sample size was 103 based on a reference study. An educational video and questionnaires were validated through expert and volunteer feedback, followed by baseline and follow-up surveys at 6 weeks and 10 weeks after intervention. The Friedman test for overall change in scores and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for pairwise comparison between time points. The survey was completed by 181 participants. Mean (standard deviation) age was 41.79 (9.20) years. Median (interquartile range) cumulative score for the knowledge domain was 18 (14-21), 24 (19-32) and 25 (20-33) at baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks respectively with significant differences between each of these time points ( <0.001). There was a significant increase in the number of participants with a median score of 3 at 6 and 10 weeks compared to baseline in the attitude domain after intervention. The proportion of study participants with a score of ≥3 points in the practices domain increased from 22% (40/181) at baseline to 41.2% (74/181) at 6 weeks and 49.1% (89/181) at 10 weeks of educational intervention. A video-based educational intervention may enhance breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and self-examination practices in educated women with access to electronic media. This may contribute to early breast cancer detection in resource-constrained settings with limited screening options.

This study examines India's Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme in relation to the \"Big Push\" theory of industrialisation. The PLI scheme, by providing production-contingent cash incentives, encourages private firms to invest by mitigating investment risk. We argue that the PLI's production-contingent transfers act as targeted output subsidies that (i) partially protect early movers from downside risk, (ii) create incentives in technology-intensive sectors with high sunk costs, and (iii) provide a platform for permanent shift and learning for firms. Further, we review PLI's stated objectives, incentive allocations, and realised outcomes in terms of investments and employment generated. We find that PLI has been successful in attracting investments and generating employment. However, several challenges remain that need to be addressed to make this scheme more successful.

The fusion of three transcriptional activation domains to a nuclease-deficient Cas9 achieves robust induction of gene expression and can induce differentiation of hiPSCs. The RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 can be reengineered as a programmable transcription factor. However, modest levels of gene activation have limited potential applications. We describe an improved transcriptional regulator obtained through the rational design of a tripartite activator, VP64-p65-Rta (VPR), fused to nuclease-null Cas9. We demonstrate its utility in activating endogenous coding and noncoding genes, targeting several genes simultaneously and stimulating neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

The clinical data indicate that diverse parameters characterize breast cancer patients in India, including age at presentation, risk factors, outcomes, and behavior. Alarming incidence and mortality rates emphasize the crucial need for early screening measures to combat breast cancer‐related deaths effectively. Quantitative proteomic approaches prove pivotal in predicting cancer prognosis, analyzing protein expression patterns tied to disease aggressiveness and metastatic potential, and facilitating conversant therapy selection. Thus, this study was envisioned with the goal of identifying protein markers associated with breast cancer in Indian women, which could potentially be developed as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in the future. Applying label‐free proteomic quantitation method and statistical analysis, several differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the serum of breast cancer patients compared to controls, including SBSN, ANG, PCOLCE, and WFDC3 (upregulated), and PFN1, FLNA, and DSG2 (downregulated). The expression of SBSN was also validated by western blotting. Statistical methods were employed to proteomic expression data, which highlighted the ability of DEPs to distinguish between breast cancer and control samples. Conclusively, this study recognizes prospective biomarkers for breast cancer among Indian women and highlights the requisite of in‐depth functional studies to elucidate their precise roles in breast cancer development. We particularly emphasize on SBSN and PFN1, as these proteins were observed to be progressively overexpressed and under expressed, respectively, in breast cancer samples compared to control samples, ranging from early‐stage​ to metastatic cases.