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Objective To estimate radiation doses for the primarily irradiated organs/tissues of patients subjected to standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) procedures using a novel personalized dosimetry method. Methods Dosimetric and anthropometric data were collected prospectively for eight patients who underwent standard EVAR procedures. Patient-specific Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate organ/tissue doses from each of the fluoroscopic and digital subtraction angiography acquisitions involved in EVAR. Individual-specific cumulative absorbed doses were estimated for the skin, spinal bone marrow, heart, kidneys, liver, colon, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and spleen and compared to corresponding values estimated through a commercially available dosimetric software package that employs standardized phantoms. Results The highest organ/tissue radiation doses from EVAR were found for the skin, spinal bone marrow, kidneys, and spleen as 192.4 mGy, 96.7 mGy, 72.9 mGy, and 33.6 mGy respectively, while the doses to the heart, liver, colon, bladder, pancreas, and stomach were 6.3 mGy, 14.4 mGy, 18.4 mGy, 14.8 mGy, 21.6 mGy, and 11.2 mGy respectively. Corresponding dose values using standardized phantoms were found to differ up to 151%. Conclusion Considerable radiation doses may be received by primarily exposed organs/tissues during standard EVAR. The specific size/anatomy of the patient and the variation in exposure parameters/beam angulation between different projections commonly involved in EVAR procedures should be taken into account if reliable organ dose data are to be derived. Key Points • A novel patient-specific dosimetry method was utilized to estimate radiation doses to the primarily irradiated organs/tissues of patients subjected to standard endovascular aneurysm repair procedures. • The use of standardized mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms to derive organ dose from fluoroscopically guided procedures may result in considerable inaccuracies due to differences in the assumed organ position/volume/shape compared to patients.

Background Primary splenic pregnancy is a rare entity, usually treated with splenectomy. Case presentation and review of the literature We report the first case of conservative management of splenic pregnancy with selective embolization and intramuscular methotrexate administration. Postoperative treatment was uneventful. We have further systematically reviewed the literature upon the treatment options in case of splenic pregnancy. It has been evident that most cases were treated with spleenectomy, especially in case of active hemorrhage. Spleen preservation is rarely achieved, only in cases of hemodynamically stable, uncomplicated patients. Conclusion Splenic selective embolization could be a treatment option in case of uncomplicated splenic pregnancy with the benefit of splenic preservation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of malignancy. Several therapies are available for HCC and are determined by stage of presentation, patient clinical status and liver function. Local-regional treatment options, including transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation or microwave ablation, are safe and effective for HCC but are accompanied by limitations. The synergistic effects of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation/microwave ablation may overcome these limitations and improve the therapeutic outcome. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on these combined therapies and examine their efficacy, safety and influence on the overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with HCC.

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene/fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (ePTFE/FEP)–covered stents with that of uncovered nitinol stents for the palliation of malignant jaundice caused by inoperable pancreatic head cancer. Eighty patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized study. Bare nitinol stents were used in half of the patients, and ePTFE/FEP–covered stents were used in the remaining patients. Patency, survival, complications, and mean cost were calculated in both groups. Mean patency was 166.0 ± 13.11 days for the bare-stent group and 234.0 ± 20.87 days for the covered-stent group ( p  = 0.007). Primary patency rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 77.5, 69.8, and 69.8% for the bare-stent group and 97.5, 92.2, and 87.6% for the covered-stent group, respectively. Mean secondary patency was 123.7 ± 22.5 days for the bare-stent group and 130.3 ± 21.4 days for the covered-stent group. Tumour ingrowth occurred exclusively in the bare-stent group in 27.5% of cases ( p  = 0.002). Median survival was 203.2 ± 11.8 days for the bare-stent group and 247.0 ± 20 days for the covered-stent group ( p  = 0.06). Complications and mean cost were similar in both groups. Regarding primary patency and ingrowth rate, ePTFE/FEP–covered stents have shown to be significantly superior to bare nitinol stents for the palliation of malignant jaundice caused by inoperable pancreatic head cancer and pose comparable cost and complications. Use of a covered stent does not significantly influence overall survival rate; nevertheless, the covered endoprosthesis seems to offer result in fewer reinterventions and better quality of patient life.

Isolated iliac artery aneurysms are uncommon, comprising less than 2% of all abdominal aneurysmal disease. Although they have a fairly innocuous natural history, when they have attained a large size they carry a significant risk of rupture. Rupture is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, an early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Over the last decade, interventional treatment options have become established alternatives to open surgical repair. These guidelines aim to review the pathogenesis, natural history, and presentation of isolated iliac artery aneurysms including a description of imaging and interventional treatment strategies.

Endovascular repair of femoral arterial access complications is nowadays the treatment of choice in a group of patients who cannot tolerate vascular reconstruction and bleeding due to advanced cardiovascular disease. Endovascular procedures can be performed under local anesthesia, are well tolerated by the patient, and are associated with a short hospitalization time. Ninitinol stent technology allows for safe stent and stent-graft extension at the common femoral artery (CFA) level, due to increased resistance to external compression and bending stress. Active pelvic bleeding can be insidious, and prompt placement of a stent-graft at the site of leakage is a lifesaving procedure. Percutaneous thrombin injection under US guidance is the treatment of choice for femoral pseudoaneurysms (PAs); this can theoretically be safer with simultaneous balloon occlusion across the entry site of a PA without a neck or with a short and wide neck. In a few cases with thrombin failure due to a large arterial defect or accompanying arteriovenous fistula (AVF), a stent-graft can be deployed. The vast majority of catheter-induced AVFs can be treated effectively with stent-graft implantation even if they are located very close to the femoral bifurcation. Obstructive dissection flaps localized in the CFA are usually treated with prolonged balloon inflation; however, in more extensive dissections involving iliac arteries, self-expanding stents should be deployed. Iliofemoral thrombosis can be treated effectively with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) followed by prolonged balloon inflation or stent placement. Balloon angioplasty and CDT can occasionally be used to treat stenoses and occlusions complicating the use of percutaneous closure devices.

This CIRSE Standards of Practice document is aimed at interventional radiologists and provides best practices for peri-operative anticoagulation management during interventional radiology procedures.

BackgroundPercutaneous embolisation is an effective, minimally invasive means of treating a variety of benign and malignant lesions and has been successfully used to treat varicoceles since the late 1970s, with refined and expanded techniques and tools currently offering excellent outcomes for varicocele embolisation.PurposeThis document will presume that the indication for treatment is clear and approved by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and will define the standards required for the performance of each modality, as well as their advantages and limitations. CIRSE Standards of Practice documents are not intended to impose a standard of clinical patient care, but recommend a reasonable approach to, and best practices for, the performance of percutaneous varicocele embolisation.MethodsThe writing group was established by the CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee and consisted of five clinicians with internationally recognised expertise in embolisation of male varicoceles. The writing group reviewed the existing literature on varicocele embolisation, performing a pragmatic evidence search using PubMed to search for publications in English and relating to human subjects published from 2006 to 2021. The final recommendations were formulated through consensus.ConclusionEmbolisation has an established role in the successful management of male varicoceles. This Standards of Practice document provides up-to-date recommendations for the safe performance of varicocele embolisation.