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\"Preface This book can serve as the text for a one-semester course on Monte Carlo simulation. The intended audience is advanced undergraduate students or students on master's programs who wish to learn the basics of this exciting topic and its applications to finance. The book is largely self-contained. The only prerequisite is some experience with probability and statistics. Prior knowledge on option pricing is helpful but not essential. As in any study of Monte Carlo simulation, coding is an integral part and cannot be ignored. The book contains a large number of MATLAB coding exercises. They are designed in a progressive manner so that no prior experience with MATLAB is required. Much of the mathematics in the book is informal. For example, randomvariables are simply defined to be functions on the sample space, even though they should be measurable with respect to appropriate algebras; exchanging the order of integrations is carried out liberally, even though it should be justified by the Tonelli-Fubini Theorem. The motivation for doing so is to avoid the technical measure theoretic jargon, which is of little concern in practice and does not help much to further the understanding of the topic. The book is an extension of the lecture notes that I have developed for an undergraduate course on Monte Carlo simulation at Brown University. I would like to thank the students who have taken the course, as well as the Division of Applied Mathematics at Brown, for their support. Hui Wang Providence, Rhode Island January, 2012\"-- Provided by publisher.

This study assesses the health economic losses caused by PM 2.5 and ozone pollution in Beijing and Tianjin from 2016 to 2021 using Poisson regression relative risk model and value of statistical life method. The results show that the health economic losses caused by PM 2.5 pollution in Beijing and Tianjin fluctuating decrease from 6.115 billion and 2.699 billion RMB in 2016 to 4.39 billion and 2.298 billion RMB in 2021. The health economic losses caused by ozone pollution in Beijing increase from 6.358 billion RMB in 2016 to 11.333 billion RMB in 2019, with a maximum increase of 25.91% during the period, and then decrease to 7.825 billion RMB in 2021, but the loss value is still higher than that in 2016. In Tianjin, the health economic losses caused by ozone pollution with the same change trend as that in Beijing. Besides, the study shows that although the health economic losses caused by PM 2.5 and ozone pollution in Beijing and Tianjin have fluctuating decreased in recent years as a proportion of GDP in the corresponding years, the loss values are still relatively large, the proportion of health economic losses caused by ozone pollution in total losses is becoming higher and higher.

In this study, based on the regional land-use risk space division (regional ecological risk source/receptor space identification) using production–living–ecology analysis, three spatial function indexes, i.e., production, living, and ecology function indexes, were proposed for regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) with respect to human disturbance. The first two indexes can be regarded as regional ecological risk source indexes, whereas the final index can be regarded as a regional ecological risk receptor index. Using an artificial assignment method based on the land-use types and Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light intensity data, these three spatial function indexes were effectively manifested. By incorporating these indexes with eco-environmental vulnerability proxies, an RERA framework was established and applied in the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone (PLEZ), which is an ecological-protection and economic-development coordination-oriented region in China. The results suggest that (1) the DMSP/OLS nighttime light intensity data correlated well with the spatial distribution of regional urban/town areas; consequently, it was reasonable to use this dataset for representing regional production-living function space (urban/town area). (2) Overall, the forestlands and winter waterbodies of Poyang Lake were in the high-risk grade, and so did the Nanchang City construction land area; in contrast, the final risk levels of winter wetlands and croplands were relatively low. (3) Owing to the highest human disturbance (including both production and consumption human activities) and eco-environmental vulnerability level, urban/town areas such as Nanchang City had the highest final risk grade. (4) The low, medium, high, and very high-risk grades accounted for 21.22%, 39.53%, 36.31%, and 2.94% of the region, respectively. I believe that the proposed land use function indexes will be helpful in conducting human-caused RERA research in the future. Furthermore, the assessment results can provide a scientific basis for regional ecological risk management within the PLEZ.

تدور أحداث الرواية حول الطالب \"مايكل\" عبقري الفيزياء، الذي أسس جمعية للسفر عبر الزمن لإنقاذ عباقرة التاريخ من المصاعب والأزمات التي تعترض اكتشافاتهم العلمية ومسار حياتهم الطبيعية، وتساعده في ذلك صديقته الوحيدة الطالبة \"تشياو تشياو\" والإنسان الآلي \"ريكي\". والذين تتعدد مغامراتهم ما بين الصين القديمة واليونان القديمة وإنجلترا وسويسرا في العصور الوسطى، ويقابلون كلا من: عالم الرياضيات الإغريقي أرشميدس، والفيزيائي البريطاني إسحاق نيوتن، والبطل الشعبي السويسري ويليام تل.

The amount of digital text available for analysis by consumer researchers has risen dramatically. Consumer discussions on the internet, product reviews, and digital archives of news articles and press releases are just a few potential sources for insights about consumer attitudes, interaction, and culture. Drawing from linguistic theory and methods, this article presents an overview of automated text analysis, providing integration of linguistic theory with constructs commonly used in consumer research, guidance for choosing amongst methods, and advice for resolving sampling and statistical issues unique to text analysis. We argue that although automated text analysis cannot be used to study all phenomena, it is a useful tool for examining patterns in text that neither researchers nor consumers can detect unaided. Text analysis can be used to examine psychological and sociological constructs in consumer-produced digital text by enabling discovery or by providing ecological validity.

تدور أحداث الرواية حول الطالب \"مايكل\" عبقري الفيزياء، الذي أسس جمعية للسفر عبر الزمن لإنقاذ عباقرة التاريخ من المصاعب والأزمات التي تعترض اكتشافاتهم العلمية ومسار حياتهم الطبيعية، وتساعده في ذلك صديقته الوحيدة الطالبة \"تشياو تشياو\" والإنسان الآلي \"ريكي\". والذين تتعدد مغامراتهم ما بين الصين القديمة واليونان القديمة وإنجلترا وسويسرا في العصور الوسطى، ويقابلون كلا من: عالم الرياضيات الإغريقي أرشميدس، والفيزيائي البريطاني إسحاق نيوتن، والبطل الشعبي السويسري ويليام تل.‪

Purpose Antiangiogenesis therapy has become a hot field in cancer research. Given that tumor blood vessels often express specific markers related to angiogenesis, the study of these heterogeneous molecules in different tumor vessels holds promise for advancing anti-angiogenic therapy. Previously using phage display technology, we identified a targeting peptide named GX1 homing to gastric cancer vessels for the first time. However, GX1 also showed some non-specific binding with normal gastric vessels, which can lead to toxic side effects on normal endothelial cells. Therefore, we urgently need to adopt new screening strategies to avoid non-specific binding to normal vessels and obtain gastric cancer vascular targeting peptides with higher specificity. Methods In this study, we designed a new strategy which combined “positive screening” in vivo and “negative screening” in vitro for the first time. An in vivo positive screening was conducted using tumor bearing nude mice to identify peptides that were specifically enriched within the vasculature of gastric cancer. Concurrently, an in vitro negative screening process was conducted on normal vasculature endothelial cells, including human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs), to eliminate peptides binding to normal vasculature. After four rounds of iterative screening, a targeting peptide specifically targeting gastric cancer vasculature was obtained. In addition, an in vitro co-culture model by culturing HUVEC in tumor conditioned medium (Co-HUVEC) was established to investigate the affinity of these peptides. The targeting peptide was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for competitive and inhibitory assays. Results Blood vessel density analysis confirmed redundant capillary vessels in the xenografts, indicating that the mouse model was suitable for positive screening. Following four rounds of panning, a significant enrichment for phages specifically binding to gastric cancer vasculature was observed, with minimal binding to normal endothelial cells. The peptide CNTGSPYEC exhibited the highest reproducibility. In vitro immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the peptide CNTGSPYEC could specifically enrich in Co-HUVECs while showing no binding to normal vascular endothelial cells. In vivo immunofluorescence staining revealed that the peptide CNTGSPYEC could only bind to vascular endothelial cells specifically in gastric cancer but show no non-specific binding with normal tissue. Competitive and inhibitory assay also verified the targeting characteristics of the peptide with the fluorescence intensity of 17.13. As the concentration increases, the competitive inhibition rate can be incrementally raised to 93% ( p  < 0.05). Endothelial tube formation assay indicated that the peptide could suppress neovascularization, with the microvessel count reducing by 40% ( p  < 0.05). Furthermore, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK8) showed that the targeting peptide could partly inhibit cell proliferation of Co-HUVEC (61.7%). Conclusion Our novel strategy of the combined in vitro and in vivo screening outperforms previous methods that relied solely on negative/positive screening. In vivo and in vitro test confirmed the high targeting characteristic of the new peptide. Therefore, the peptide CNTGSPYEC may be a potential candidate in diagnosis and anti-angiogenesis therapy of gastric cancer. Our further exploration employs it as a vehicle for mediating drug accumulation in gastric cancer tissue.