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This paper examines the complex relationship between digitalization, energy consumption, and economic growth in Egypt. The study assesses the extent of digitalization in different sectors of the Egyptian economy and analyzes the sources and patterns of energy consumption. A comparison is made between Egypt's digitalization progress and global benchmarks, highlighting existing policies and initiatives aimed at promoting digitalization and managing energy consumption. The research investigates the impact of digitalization on productivity, innovation, job creation, and competitiveness in the Egyptian economy. It also explores the correlation between energy consumption and overall economic growth, emphasizing the potential economic and environmental consequences of unsustainable energy practices. The findings reveal the challenges posed by energy depletion and internet usage trends, emphasizing the need for strategic interventions to optimize the impact of digitalization and energy consumption on Egypt's economic growth. By using macroeconomic variables and applying the ARDL model, this thesis challenges previous assumptions by suggesting that energy depletion and internet usage did not directly contribute to economic growth in Egypt. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of aligning digitalization and energy strategies with sustainable economic development goals. It calls for targeted policy measures and collaborative efforts to navigate the transition towards a digital economy while mitigating adverse effects on energy consumption and economic growth.

The phenomenon of outsourcing is relatively recent but it spread rapidly for several reasons including: emergence of the third wave of globalization at beginning of eighties of twentieth century; increasing rates of liberalization of trade in services; transformation most countries from an industrial economy to a service economy. Then new names appeared with the third industrial revolution which resulted from technological progress, was a reason for making the world as small village that could do business, offer goods and services and buy them from a place thousands of miles away from other. So new type of services are appeared called outsourcing services, this term first appeared in an article published in \"Journal of Royal Society of Arts\" in 1797, then there were studies dealt with outsourcing more deeply. So, Sustainable development strategy adopted transforming Egypt into a global digital hub and working on developing industries based on information and communication technology to improve Egypt's position in providing outsourcing services at international level in particular and digital service in general by 2030.

Micro enterprises comprise 91% of all firms in Egypt, making them a dominant force in the country, particularly in the online sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift from offline to online businesses, and the Egyptian government's vision by 2030 further supports the growth of these online micro enterprises. Recognizing the significance and effectiveness of micro businesses in the economy, this study aims to investigate the factors that contribute to the success of online micro enterprises, using financial wellness as an indicator. The findings aim to assist owners, managers, and decision-makers in understanding the key factors that drive business success and encourage the authorities to streamline and update regulations. This study employed a quantitative approach, involving the distribution of 420 questionnaires to owners and managers of online micro enterprises. The analysis of the responses, conducted using SPSS, revealed a positive and significant impact of customer relationship and marketing activities on the financial wellness of online micro enterprises in Egypt. This highlights the importance of prioritizing and enhancing both customer relationship management and marketing activities in online micro businesses. It also enables owners and managers to recognize the crucial role of these activities in achieving business success. On the other hand, management expertise was found to have the least significant impact on the financial wellness of online micro enterprises Furthermore, the study found that the external regulatory environment significantly and positively influences the financial wellness of online micro enterprises in Egypt. These findings underscore the importance for authorities and decision-makers in Egypt to consider these results and work towards facilitating and updating regulations accordingly.

Algeria urgently needs to thoroughly reform its subsidy policy and public financial management in response to growing economic challenges. This reform aims to reconcile essential social support, financial sustainability, and the promotion of economic development. Although subsidies aim to stabilize prices and assist citizens, they represent a significant financial burden for the state, contributing to worsening socio-economic inequalities. These measures tend to disproportionately benefit high-income individuals at the expense of the most vulnerable. Moreover, the state of public finances and foreign trade, as well as the adjustments provided for by the 2024 Finance Act, are key elements that place subsidies at the heart of political and economic debates. This critical study scrutinizes the historical and ideological foundations of Algeria's welfare state, analyzes the current rentier state crisis, and proposes a multifaceted social policy strategy for significant reform, aiming to secure an economically sustainable and socially fair future for Algeria.

اهتم البحث بدراسة الامثلية في سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي والتي أخذت جانب كبير من اهتمام السياسيين بشكل عام والاقتصادين بشكل خاص وبشكل مستمر، ومن اهم الجوانب في هذا المجال هو الوقت الأمثل المطلوب لتنسيق السياسات التي ترتبط بتمويل العجز الهيكلي. هذا من جهة ومن جهة أخرى فأن البحث اهتم بتسليط الضوء على اهم المؤشرات التي توضح إمكانيات الحكومة وقدرتها في معالجة الأزمات فضلا عن تقديمه لتجربة اقتصادية ناجحة يمكن الاستفادة منها وتطويرها وتقديم مجموعة من الصيغ التي تفيد في استمرار التوازن ومعالجة الاختلال. توصلت الدراسة إلى يرتبط العجز الهيكلي الموجود في الموازنة العامة للاقتصاد العراقي بالإيرادات النفطية. وكما هو معروف أسعار النفط العالمي هو متغير خارجي لا يمكن السيطرة عليه مما يسبب عدم استقرار الإيرادات النفطية. كما يمكن معالجة العجز الهيكلي من خلال طرح سندات الحكومة وتحديد معدلات الفائدة بالشكل الذي يساهم في زيادة حجم الاستثمارات في كافة المجالات. وهذا يساعد في إمكانية تقليل الاعتماد على الإيرادات النفطية من جهة ومن جهة أخرى يخدم الاقتصاد العراقي في زيادة حجم مشاريعه الاستثمارية. وأخيرا يمكن الاستفادة من تجربة الاقتصاد الفنزويلي بعد نجاحه في معالجة العجز المزمن الذي كان يعاني منه خصوصا وانه يمتلك نفس خصائص الاقتصاد العراقي.