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Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of the reclassification of small industrial enterprises on the development of the small business sector in Iraq. It seeks to identify the current gaps in the current classification system and propose a new framework that considers the challenges facing these enterprises and contributes to enhancing their competitiveness. Methods: The study adopted the inductive approach to prove the importance of reclassifying industrial projects in Iraq and developing the industrial sector. The clarity of the nature of the industrial structure and its classifications according to a new perspective of classifying the project sizes of the industrial sector is an entry point for the reform of the private industrial sector. Results: The study found that the applied classification of industrial projects, whether small or medium, is not compatible with what is prevailing internationally by adopting it only within small and micro enterprises, which led to a weakness in the industrial performance of the private sector compared to its counterpart in neighboring countries and globally. Conclusion: The reclassification of small industrial enterprises represents a decisive step towards the development of the small business sector in Iraq. It contributes to creating a more sustainable business environment as well as contributing to coordination between the private sector and financial institutions under government supervision and support to attract private sector investments inside the country.

This research seeks to show the importance of risk management (RM, henceforth) and knowledge management (KM, henceforth) for project success (PS) and to investigate the mediating role of project management performance (PMP). Online questionnaire was distributed to 220 project managers among all 200 Jordanian first class construction companies. The data from 165 respondents were checked and coded for statistical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Analysis of Moment Structures software (AMOS, 20) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS, 20). The results indicated that RM and KM have significant positive effects on PMP and PS. Moreover, PMP was found to have a significant positive effect on PS. The results showed that PMP was the strongest predictor of PS while the strongest predictor of PMP was RM. From the results of mediation analysis, it was found that PMP partially mediates the effects of RM and KM on PS. The study recommended that Jordanian construction companies should consider seriously RM and KM in their projects since they will protect the projects from such failures as completion delay, overrun, low quality or safety incidents. In addition, the construction companies have to pay more attention for project management training and the use of the best practices of project management which will improve the overall organization performance.

The entrepreneurship literature confirms the importance of upstream entrepreneurial support for the business creation. In fact, by offering a framework for reflection, it strengthens the entrepreneurs in the implementation of their business, and thus avoids them a premature end. The objective of this research is an evaluation of the support offered the National Youth Employment Support Agency \"NYESA\" through the provided services during the entrepreneurial process. We adopted a hypothetico deductive approach, using a survey administrated \"face to face\", intended for the NYESA executives. The study's results shows that the provided services before the business creation are more often applied than those supplied after business creation.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز واقع إسهامات التحليل الشبكي في فعالية إدارة المشاريع في ولاية تامنغست، من حيث إنجاز المشاريع الإنشائية في الوقت المحدد وبأقل تكلفة وبالجودة المطلوبة، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم توزيع الاستبيان ورقيا على 40 مقاول يتمثل نشاطهم الرئيسي في الأشغال العمومية وتمت المعالجة باستعمال برنامج SPSS v23. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج أهمها وجود تأثير لاستخدام التحليل الشبكي على فعالية إدارة المشاريع الإنشائية رغم أن اغلب أفراد عينة الدراسة لا يقومون بتخطيط وجدولة ومراقبة مشاريعهم الإنشائية باستخدام التحليل الشبكي والبرامج الحديثة، مما ينعكس على تقليص تكلفة المشاريع والوقت المستغرق لإنجازه والربحية وعلى ضوء نتائج الدراسة فقد تم اقتراح مجموعة من التوصيات من بينها تدريب العمال لاستعمال والتحكم الفعال في البرامج الحديثة لإدارة المشاريع.

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to identi¬fy the opinions of companies with regard to the real estate development; how companies manage their projects and what abilities they possess in order to achieve their goals as planned within the deadlines. In addition, the study attempts to find out gaps, based on scientific standards and theories by applying feasibility studies and a project management meth¬odology in terms of planning skills and forecasting sched¬ule to implement projects. Method: The study followed an analytical descriptive study method. The methodology that was followed consists of three phases: Data gathering stage, data analysis stage, conclusions and recommendations stage. Using SPSS for data entry and analysis, the study sample con¬sists of 44% from real estate companies and entities, which are registered in the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Riyadh (27 entities). Results: The results showed that 18.5% of the companies were able to achieve a higher accuracy rate between the estimated and actual project times, while 81.5% could not, either with a shorter or longer estimated time. The results showed that there are statistically significant differ¬ences related to company age and axis of impact on the mar¬ket and development. Conclusion: The study underlined the importance of knowing the time difference between the es¬timated time and the actual time to complete projects in real estate projects so that the damage to the real estate market can be avoided. The study suggested more future research, such as the extent to which project management in real es¬tate companies can abide by the estimated duration of their projects, the reasons for the inaccuracy of feasibility studies, and the difference in the estimated cost from the actual cost in real estate development projects.

The rise of the economic world has been achieved by this globalization. Also, it has witnessed a dramatic increase in multinational transactions and cooperation, which have made the emergence of what is called cross-cultural business or the multicultural business. International projects are among the manifestations of globalization, where cultural diversity has a major impact on staff because they have distinct perceptions. This is a big challenge for both managers and employees, they have to adapt with multiculturalism, and build a successful multicultural team carrying out a new style of management which is intercultural management. Our research has been emphasized through a case study within the Italian firm Rizzani De Eccher located in Algeria, where multiculturalism exists. Our study has targeted the project of the penetrating highway in a multicultural context of Algerians and Italians. We have adopted an empirical approach which consists to analyze data with statistical tools mainly by a questionnaire trough a representative sample of the entire population of the company. According to the results of the study, it is beneficial for a project to have individuals from many nationalities working on it since it allows for a new dynamic of invention, improved working methods, and the transfer of skills.

إن الدور المهم الذي تؤديه المشاريع الصغيرة والمتناهية الصغر واضح في جميع أنحاء العالم. تترك هذه المشاريع بصماتها على المشهد الاقتصادي نظرا لأهميتها الاستراتيجية في إعادة هندسة القطاعات الصناعية والتجارية والإنتاجية وتحقيق التنمية ودعم الاقتصاد فضلا عن دورها في تمكين أفراد المجتمع بما فيهم الشباب. إذ إن تمكين الشباب وتذليل كل العقبات للاستفادة من طاقاتهم وإبداعاتهم يمثل رؤية وطنية مستدامة لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على وجهات نظر الشباب المستفيدين من هذه الصناديق والمؤسسات ومدى فاعليتها ودورها في تمكينهم، وبناء على ذلك، جرت صياغة سبعة أسئلة بحثية للإجابة عنها. وقد استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الكمي، إذ جمعت البيانات الكمية من خلال استخدام استبانة وزعت على (٥٠٣) شاب مستفيد من المشاريع التي تدعمها المؤسسات والصناديق. كما أظهرت الدراسة جملة من التحديات والمشكلات التي تواجه الشباب أصحاب المشاريع ومؤسسات وصناديق الدعم. وفي الأخير، أوصت الدراسة بجملة من النقاط التي يمكن أن تسهم في الارتقاء بمستوى تمكين الشباب في الدولة بما في ذلك مراجعة السياسات الحالية وإنشاء منظومة شاملة لتمكين الشباب في الدولة تشارك فيها جميع الأطراف في المجتمع على أن تتضمن هذه المنظومة تيسير إجراءات إنشاء مشروعات الشباب وتعزيز مهارات ريادة الأعمال وإدارة المشاريع.

Today, blockchain-based technologies, such as the Initial Coin Offering (ICO), are capable of providing solutions for financing SMEs. ICOs are the issuing of digital tokens that will be sold to investors in return for a cryptocurrency, allowing a project to be funded. This research examines the process of this novel and alternative method of business financing. At first glance, the ICO protocol appears to be very similar to the Initial Public Offering (IPO) procedure raising the question of how ICOs ought to be regulated. To answer this question, descriptive and analytical research will be conducted. On a legal level, the study found that three approaches to the regulation of ICOs exist, with the American option being the most fascinating because it represents a middle ground between banning and developing a new independent law for token issuance, allowing ICOs to be included within an existing legal framework. The study recommends that the Qatar Financial Markets Authority adopt this American approach, so ICOs will be introduced in Qatar smoothly and without the need for new legislation. This will result in a desired goal of promoting Qatari SMEs.