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[目的]通过室内毒力测定和田间防治效果相结合的方法筛选对柿炭疽病抑制效果较好的药剂。[方法]选取山东青州、广西恭城、河南栾川及陕西富平的4个柿炭疽病代表性菌株作为处理对象,测定10类22种杀菌剂对其抑制作用的MIC值和EC50值,在此基础上筛选5种药剂进行田间试验。[结果]表明：苯并咪唑类、脱甲基抑制剂类（三唑类、DMIs）、苯吡咯类3类杀菌剂效果较好,MIC值均在10μg·m L^-1L以下,EC50在0.011 2 0.520 3μg·m L^-1范围内。30%苯醚甲环唑WG 1500倍液、240 g·L^-1噻呋酰胺SC 2000倍液、240 g·L^-1吡唑醚菌酯SC 1000倍液、25%咪鲜胺EC 2000倍液、25 g·L^-1咯菌腈SC 1000倍液在第4次喷药后10 d调查的防治效果在18.72%47.76%。[结论]咯菌腈和咪鲜胺两种药剂起效速度和最终防治效果较好。

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, anthrax epizootics have been frequently documented in Texas over the last two decades. Once outbreaks begin, there is evidence for the potential role of hematophagous flies as vectors for the disease. Hypotheses on the role of biting flies in the transmission of anthrax date back more than a century. Both laboratory experiments and field studies have provided evidence of a biting fly transmission pathway. In particular, several studies have implicated biting flies during severe wildlife outbreaks in North America. Despite these implications, there is a lack of spatial analysis relating flies and anthrax. Here we report on the spatial patterns of anthrax in white-tailed deer on a well-studied ranch with a documented anthrax history. These patterns were evaluated against the spatiotemporal patterns of biting flies during the anthrax risk period. Unbaited fly traps were used to collect flies across the study ranch from June through August 2005. Kernel density analysis confirmed biting fly hotspots concentrated in the areas with highest densities of deer carcasses. The average nearest neighbor index confirmed that deer carcasses were spatially clustered and density estimates suggest that these are in proximity to areas supporting high fly populations. Dual kernel density analysis of carcasses and deer population identified a large dry riverine habitat as a high anthrax risk. Fly catch rates across the period identified a similar pattern to the anthrax risk surface. The high overlap between areas of sustained high fly catch rates and anthrax cases does suggest a relationship warranting future research.

目的：研究APEC136和APEC170对苹果采后炭疽病和白腐病的生物防治作用。方法：选择APEC136和APEC170两菌株为对象,通过16S rR NA序列分析进行菌种鉴定;研究不同的培养基、温度和p H值等条件对APEC136和APEC170生长影响;测定其对几丁质酶,淀粉酶,纤维素酶和蛋白酶的产量和活性的影响;分析其对胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）、尖孢炭疽（Colletotrichum acutatum）和葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea）的菌丝生长抑制作用,观察苹果采后炭疽病和白腐病症状的变化。结论：16S rR NA序列分析结果发现两个拮抗菌株分别为多粘类芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌。在脑心浸液肉汤（BHI）培养基中,这两个菌株生长最快。体外生物测定表明,在筛选的30株菌株中,APEC136和APEC170对胶孢炭疽菌、尖孢炭疽和葡萄座腔菌的菌丝生长的抑制作用最显著。APEC136和APEC170均减轻了苹果采后由病原真菌引起的炭疽病和白腐病症状。另外,APEC136增加了淀粉酶和蛋白酶产量,APEC170增加了几丁质酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶产量,这些可能是其抑制菌丝生长的原因。综上所述,菌株APEC136和APEC170是有效的苹果采后炭疽病和白腐病的生物防治剂,可用于野外条件下的疾病控制。

Strawberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major disease of cultivated strawberry. This study identifies 31 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. which cause strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai City, China. Eleven isolates were identified as C. acutatum, 10 as C. gloeosporioides and 10 as C. fragariae based on morphological characteristics, phylogenetic and sequence analyses. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and enzyme digestion further confirmed the identification of the Colletotrichum spp., demonstrating that these three species are currently the causal agents of strawberry anthracnose in the studied regions. Based on analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacers （ITS） sequences, sequences of all C. acutatum were identical, and little genetic variability was observed between C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. However, the conservative nature of the Mvnl specific site from isolates of C. gloeosporioides was confirmed, and this site could be used to differentiate C. gloeosporioides from C. fragariae.

The pathogens of anthraenose sampled from leaves and fruits of Camellia oleifera in Cenxi City and C. vietnamensis in Ningming country, Guangxi Prov- ince, were isolated via tissue methods and four isolates were obtained. Morphological description and phylogenetic analysis were made based on rDNA ITS se- quences. The results showed that the strains 742, GW2 and CR1 isolated from leaves were clustered into one group, and the strain CRF1 isolated from fruits was clustered into another group. All the four strains belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex.

The original Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the soil of an apple orchard,and B. subtilis strain BS80-6,selected from Bacillus subtilis by ion implantation,was used as an antagonist for postharvest biological control against apple anthracnose（ colletotrichum gloeosporioides）. The mechanisms of action and efficacy of Bacillus subtilis strain BS80-6 against apple anthracnose caused by colletotrichum gloeosporioides were studied in vitro and on apples in controlled and semi-commercial conditions. An application of cell suspension（ 108 cells per mL） of the antagonist in artificial wounds of apples reduced growth of C. gloeosporioides after storage at different temperatures. The inhibitory actions of cell culture to hyphal growth and to spores germination were 86. 6% and 98. 65%,respectively,and the control efficacy of cell culture against the disease was 60. 34% at room temperature. The results showed that BS80-6 was more effective against apple anthracnose.The cell culture of BS80-6 received better control efficacy against apple anthracnose than culture filtrates and autoclaved cell. All treatments significantly inhibited the disease both in vitro and in vivo compared with control. Fruits treated with cell culture and stored at 10 ℃ had lower infection rate,more delayed formation of acervwlus and smaller lesion diameter than those stored at 20 ℃. There was better control efficacy in fruits inoculated with spores after application of BS80-6. The mechanisms of BS80-6 activity appeared to involve production of an antifungal substance,deformation of hyphal cell and disintegration of cell wall. Besides,BS80-6 could improve the activity of major defense enzymes of apple,such as peroxidase（ POD） and polyphenol oxidase（ PPO）.

Litchi anthracnose caused by Colletotrictum gloeosporioides （Penz） Saec. is an extremely destructive and widely distributed disease, which results in poor market value. Borate, an essential plant micronutrient that helps plant growth and has been used extensively in industry and agriculture as a safe method for control of fungi, was effective in the form of potassium tetraborate for control of C. gloeosporioides （Penz）. In this study, boron strongly inhibited spore germina- tion, germ tube elongation, and mycelial spread of C. gloeosporioides （Penz） in the culture medium. Application of boron at 1% caused the appearance of abnor- mal spores （disrupted） in some cases. On the basis of propidium iodide fluorescent staining, the loss of membrane integrity in C. gloeosporioides （Penz） was ob- served after boron treatment. Furthermore, Boron led to the leakage of cellular constituents （soluble proteins and carbohydrates） from hyphae of C. gloeosporioides （Penz）. These data suggest that the mechanisms may be directly related with the disruption effect of boron on cell membrane of the fungal pathogen, resulting in the breakdown of cell membrane structure and loss of cytoplasmic materials from the hyphae.

Agrobactedum tumefac/ens-mediated transformation （ATMT） is an efficient tool for insertional mutagenesis and is used in a wide variety of plants. This paper reports a promoter trapping method to generate mutants in the filamentous fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, by ATMT insertion of a trapping vector （pCAHPH） that carries a promoterless hygromycin phosphotransferase （hph） gone. Transformants were selected on the media containing 200 ~mL hy~omycin B, and screened for pathogenicity-related gene mdtants. Their pathogenicity-related mutants T-DNA flanking sequences were then cloned and analyzed. Hph genes were amplified from mutant genomic DNA but not from wild-type DNA, indicating that the phenotypic alternations of these mutants were the results of T-DNA inser- tion. T-DNA flanking sequences were obtained using modified themud asymmetric interlaced PCR. Two right-sided flanking sequences were highly homologous to proteins from other species.

The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the yeast 3SJ with resistance against three species of postharvest diseases were identified in the pa- per, and the inhibitory effects of the yeast 3SJ on Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during storage period was preliminarily studied. The control effects of the yeast on postharvest diseases caused by P. expansum, B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides were measured in vivo and in vitro condi- tions. The results showed that the yeast had best control effect against P. expansum and B. cinerea at 20 ~C ; followed by the control effect against C. gloeospori- oides. Inoculation of spore suspension of yeast in apple wound could effectively inhibit rot of apple, while supematant filtrate and sterilized liquid could not inhibit rot of apple. This simultaneously indicated that the action mode of the yeast mainly was nutrition competition. The yeast was conducted traditional classification and identification based on physiological and biochemical characteristics of the yeast, and preliminarily identified to be Kloechera spp. The yeast could survive for at least one month in apple wound at 4 ~C low temperature conditions, with increased amounts. The tolerance to low temperature laid the foundation for application of yeast in low-temperature refrigeration of fruits.

Anthracnose is a very limiting disease affecting production, as well as postharvest quality of numerous fruit crops in Colombia. The current management practices for this disease are partially effective due to limited information about the etiology, the inoculum sources, population structure and variation of the pathogen. A total of 293 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissues collected from Tahiti lime, tamarillo and mango orchards. To determine the Colletotrichum species causing the symptoms, amplification, and PCR product analysis for intergenic regions of the ribosomal DNA were conducted. Genetic diversity of the fungal population was assessed with Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAMS). Results of this study indicated that anthracnose in Tahiti lime and tamarillo are caused by Colletotrichun acutatum whereas symptoms on mango were induced by the species Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which was also fund in few citrus samples. RAMS data analysis indicated the existence of two distinct species groups, with a low similarity index (35%). RAM profiles also showed a clear host differentiation of isolates. The C. acutatum population originated from tamarillo exhibited a narrow and homogeneous genetic base, while the C. acutatum population from Tahiti lime was more heterogeneous and genetically complex, as determined by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and of Ni-Li coefficient. The C. gloeosporioides population originated from mango and Tahiti lime was heterogeneous and highly diverse, with clear host differentiation according to RAM profiles. Collectively, the results from this study provide new insight into the general characteristics of Colletotrichum populations on various hosts; this type of knowledge will prove useful in designing more effective management practices.Keywords : anthracnose; specific primers; genetic variability; RAMS; C. acutatum; C. gloeosporioides. La antracnosis es una enfermedad limitante para la producción y comercialización de diversos frutales cultivados en Colombia, y su manejo es deficiente, en parte por el desconocimiento de las especies implicadas, sus fuentes de inoculo y su estructura poblacional, y los niveles de variación del patógeno. Fueron utilizados 293 aislamientos obtenidos de tejidos con síntomas de antracnosis en cultivos de lima Tahití, tomate de árbol y mango para identificar las especies de Colletotrichum asociadas a la enfermedad, mediante la amplificación y el análisis de las regiones intergénicas del ADN ribosomal. Posteriormente, se evaluó la diversidad genética de la población mediante el uso de datos moleculares generados con marcadores tipo RAMS. Se identificó la especie C. acutatum en lima Tahití y tomate de árbol y C. gloeosporioides en mango y lima Tahití. En el análisis de variabilidad se detectaron dos grupos correspondientes a las especies C. acutatum y C. gloeosporioides (similitud de 35%). En general, ambos grupos de Colletotrichum se caracterizaron por presentar diferenciación por hospedero. En la población de C. acutatum de tomate de árbol se encontró una base genética estrecha y homogénea, mientras que la población de lima Tahití fue medianamente heterogénea y compleja de acuerdo con el análisis de varianza molecular y el coeficiente Ni-Li. La población de C. gloeosporioides de lima Tahití y mango se encontró heterogénea y altamente diversa. En general, para toda la población analizada se observó una agrupación acorde con el hospedero de origen. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio proporcionan un primer acercamiento en la caracterización del patógeno en estos hospedantes contribuyendo al diseño de estrategias de manejo más efectivas. Keywords : antracnosis; cebadores específicos; variabilidad genética; RAMS; C. acutatum; C. gloeosporioides.