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The Indian agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change which adversely affects crop production and livelihood of farmers. The effect is more intensified in Vindhyan highlands, where prolong drought and high rate of poverty exist in depredation environment. In this context, present study conducted to explore farmers’ perception, attitude about climate change and adaptive capabilities. We undertook an interview schedules survey through structured questionnaire in Duddhi block of Sonbhadra district. A total of 400 households were selected in which 347 (86.75%) male and 53 (13.25%) female respondents have participated. The perception of farmers on climate change is presented in SI (severity index) which varies from 36% to 68.63%. The statement ‘rainy season decreases’ ranked first with SI (68.63%) followed by ‘temperature increases’ SI (66.06%). This investigation identified 17 types of adaptive practices which are frequently performed in the Vindhyan highlands. Based on the WAI (Weighted Average Index) score, crop diversification (2.0), cultivation of drought-adapted crop varieties (1.99), changing plantation calendar (1.95) were the most adopted practices. Multiple regression analysis between the socio-economic status of farmers and the adaptation practices, recorded a significant positive relationship with age ( P  < 0.01), family size ( P  < 0.05), education ( P  <  0.01 ), caste categories ( P  < 0.05) and livestock ownership ( P  < 0.01) of farmer. This study will be helpful in developing drought resilience farming practices for sustaining the livelihood of farmers and inform policy making.

Global climate change has seriously threatened agriculture and connected sectors, especially in developing countries like India. The Brahmaputra Valley in Assam, Northeast India, is vulnerable to climate change due to its agrarian economy, fragile geo-ecological setting, recurrent floods and droughts, and poor socioeconomic conditions of the farmers. The climate-induced hindrances faced by the rice farming community of this region and the local adaptation practices they employ have not been adequately studied. Therefore, we carried out a survey among 635 rice farmers across four agro-climatic zones of Assam, namely the Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone, North Bank Plain Zone, Central Brahmaputra Valley Zone, and Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone, to understand how they perceive and respond to climatic changes. The survey revealed that all the respondents have perceived an increase in ambient temperature, and 65% of the respondents have perceived a slight change in rainfall characteristics over the years. Most farmers reported adjusting the existing farming practices and livelihood choices to adapt to the changing climate. Farming adjustments were made mainly in terms of field preparation and management of water, rice variety, nutrients, and pests. Environmental variables like rainfall, flood, drought, and pest level, and socioeconomic variables like family size, education, farming experience, training, digital media exposure, and land area were found to influence farmers’ adaptation choices. The findings imply that policies to strengthen flood, drought, pest management, education, land-use planning, agricultural training, and digital media applications in agriculture are needed for effective climate change adaptation in this region.

Climate change and variability is affecting maize (Zea mays L.) production in eastern Ethiopia but how farmers perceive the challenge and respond to it is not well documented. A study was conducted to analyze smallholder maize farmers’ perception of climate change/variability and identify their adaptation approaches and barriers for adaptation in the eastern highlands of Ethiopia. Meteorological data were assessed to provide evidence of the perceived change. A survey was conducted in six major maize-producing kebeles with a total of 364 respondents. A multi-stage sampling method was employed for selecting the sample units for the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a multinomial logit model. The results indicated that 78% of the sampled smallholder maize farmers perceived increasing temperatures while 83% perceived decreasing amounts of rainfall. About 75% of the farmers indicated that they became aware of climate change and variability from their own experience and perceived deforestation as the main cause. The farmers perceived that drought, diseases and pests, dwindling soil fertility, and declining crop yields were the major impacts of climate change that affected maize production. The farmers’ major adaptation practices include adjusting planting dates, using improved maize varieties, intercropping, recommended mineral fertilizers, supplementary irrigation, and soil and water conservation measures. Econometric analysis revealed that low educational level, shortage of land, large family sizes, age, lack of access to irrigation water, lack of access to credit, and lack of access to extension services were the most important barriers to climate change adaptation in the area. It is concluded that farmers cultivating maize in the study area have perceived climate change and use certain adaptation strategies to counter its negative impacts on maize production. This implies that policies should be geared towards strengthening farmers’ efforts to adapt to climate change and alleviate the existing barriers in promoting adaptation strategies for enhancing the productivity of maize.

The potato is the third most consumed crop globally after rice and wheat, but climate change has often disrupted its production. Therefore, adaptation practices are needed to maintain potato productivity. This study investigates the determinants of on- and off-farm climate change adaptation practices among smallholder farmers in Indonesia, considering adaptation intensity, which has not discussed in previous literature. The cross-sectional data were collected from 302 smallholder potato farmers in East Java, Indonesia, analyzed by a multivariate probit model to estimate the determinants. An ordered probit model was subsequently employed to understand the intensity factors. The findings indicated that the significant factors that affect farmers’ choice of on-farm adaptations were the farmers’ education, their participation in farmers’ groups, agricultural-related infrastructure, and agriculture output prices. Meanwhile, the off-farm adaptations were significantly affected by the farmers’ education, employed family members, agriculture-related infrastructure, and livestock ownership. The ordered probit model also suggested that participation in farmers groups and agricultural-related infrastructure were the most significant factors that encouraged adaptation. Therefore, adaptation planning should consider these factors to optimally improve farmers’ adaptation capacity.

This study analyzes farmers' decisions to use land management adaptation practices in the face of climate change. It also looks at the socio-economic elements that influence adaptation practices. To collect primary data, a multistage and simple random sampling procedure was used to choose a sample of 338 farmers. The data was analyzed using a multivariate probit model. The results reveal that a farmer's likelihood of adopting a specific land management adaptation measure is linked to and defined by a set of complementary adaptation measures. Grade bund terracing (97.1%), contour plowing (96.9%), adequate waterway (88.4%), compost preparation (84.3%), hedge planting (73.4%), and mulching (66.6%) were the most commonly chosen land management adaptation measures, followed by afforestation (61.2%), gulley rehabilitation (57.8%), woodlot implementation (55.5%), and area closure (55.4%). This shows that grade bund terracing and contour plowing are the most likely chosen land management adaptation practices while area closure is the less likely choice of practice. Land management adaptation strategies by farmers had a combined chance of success of 96 %, compared to a combined probability of failure. The implication is that farmers will utilize a combination of land management strategies to address climate change variables. The results also demonstrate that the sex, family size, farm experience, frequency of extension visits, and farmers' level of education have a substantial impact on the common underlying socioeconomic component for choosing land management adaption techniques. As a result, developing a package of land management adaptation methods is critical for possible climate change treatments and strategies.

Rice is an important crop cultivated as a food and cash crop in Ghana. Rice production is highly dependent on rainfall, and hence any changes in the pattern of rainfall could significantly impact its production. Despite this, there is a dearth of evidence on the effect of rainfall variability on rice production in Ghana. The key practices utilized by rice farmers to address the effects of rainfall variability and the barriers militating against the effective implementation of such practices have also not been adequately highlighted in the literature. This study uses a mixed‐method approach, including household surveys with 200 rice farmers and five focus group discussions, to investigate the effect of rainfall variability on rice production in four selected communities (Agorvega, Atsikpey, Avalevi, and Gagodope) in the Ketu North Municipality, Ghana. The study specifically sought to (i) determine the perception of smallholder rice farmers on rainfall variability in the studied municipality; (ii) assess the extent of rainfall changes in the studied municipality for the period 2010–2021; (iii) determine the relationship between rainfall variability and rice production; (iv) identify the key adaptation practices used by the smallholder rice farmers to address the effects of rainfall variability; and (v) determine the key barriers confronting the smallholder rice farmers in implementing these adaptation practices. The Mann–Kendall trend test was used to determine the extent of rainfall changes in the municipality, while Sen's slope estimator was used to evaluate the slope of the trend. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the degree of linear correlation between rainfall and rice production. Results showed that the smallholder rice farmers perceived the changes in rainfall through the unpredictable and early onset of rains, as well as increasing annual rainfall. The trend analysis indicated an increase in annual rainfall from 2010 to 2021 (Sen's slope = 8.196; p = 0.150, which is not statistically significant). The insignificant increase in annual rainfall significantly correlated with the average yield of rice (r = 0.614, p = 0.034) and total annual rice production (r = 0.576, p = 0.050), contributing to about 37% and 33% of the variability in average rice yield and annual rice production, respectively. Findings also revealed that smallholder rice farmers adopted key practices, including the planting of early maturing rice varieties (96%), application of fertilizers on rice farms (95%), and diversification of rice farming to non‐farming activities (84%), to address the effects of rainfall variability. Results also indicated that key barriers such as limited institutional support (96%), lower educational status (96%), and limited access to information on weather forecasts (95%) obstructed the effective implementation of adaptation practices in the studied communities. The study recommends the need for the government to provide interventions for addressing these barriers, including the provision of subsidized improved seeds, fertilizers, and dedicated extension services to rice farmers in the municipality. 1 Introduction: • Rice Production: Highlight the importance of rice as a food and cash crop in Ghana. • Rainfall Dependency: Emphasize the reliance on rainfall and the potential impact of its variability. 2 Study Area: • Communities: Agorvega, Atsikpey, Avalevi, and Gagodope in Ketu North Municipality. 3 Methods: • Data Collection: • Household Surveys: Conducted with 200 rice farmers. • Focus Group Discussions: Held with five groups. • Analysis Techniques: • Mann–Kendall Trend Test: Used to assess rainfall changes. • Sen's Slope Estimator: Evaluated the trend's slope. • Pearson's Correlation Coefficient: Tested the correlation between rainfall and rice production. 4 Results: • Rainfall Perception: Farmers noticed unpredictable and early rains. • Rainfall Trend: Insignificant increase in annual rainfall (2010‐2021). • Correlation: Significant correlation between rainfall and rice yield/production (37% and 33% variability). 5 Adaptation Practices: • Early Maturing Varieties: 96% adoption. • Fertilizer Application: 95% adoption. • Diversification: 84% adoption into non‐farming activities. 6 Barriers: • Institutional Support: Limited (96%). • Educational Status: Lower levels (96%). • Weather Information: Limited access (95%). 7 Recommendations: • Government Interventions: Provide subsidized seeds, fertilizers, and extension services.

Climate change constitutes a growing challenge for high-Andean communities worldwide, whose livelihoods depend directly on agriculture, livestock farming, and the stability of local ecosystems. In this context, the study seeks to understand the construction of social imaginaries among agricultural producers regarding the dynamics of climate variability, with the aim of analyzing both the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities that emerge in their everyday practices. Based on a qualitative approach, supported by 32 interviews with key informants from 16 communities, 04 focus groups, and documentary analysis, field data were collected and processed using Atlas.ti software. The testimonies of community members from Cojata, Puno–Peru, revealed social imaginaries and collective responses linked to this phenomenon. The findings show feelings of concern and uncertainty, diverse interpretations of climate change dynamics, reconfiguration of cultural meanings, and the deployment of hybrid adaptation strategies that combine ancestral knowledge with contemporary resources. Overall, these findings show that social imaginaries play a central role in how communities face the climate crisis, revealing both the persistence of structural inequalities and the need to strengthen intercultural territorial policies that recognize local knowledge, promote communal cooperation, and foster a horizon of resilience and climate justice.

Climate literature is highly pronounced about the impending threat to agriculture taking into account the climate change scenario and suggesting adaptation as a possible option to opt for. Considering this, the study seeks to comprehend the factors influencing farmers’ adaptation strategies to cope with climate change in coastal Bangladesh (Koyra Upazila, Khulna). In order to achieve the objectives descriptive, multivariate, and binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Findings demonstrate that the most often used adaptation strategies were crop, water, and infrastructure management. Regression result shows that factors such as gender, labor in the family, farming experience, and the damaged sector are important factors in determining how well adaption methods are implemented. Binary logistic regression analysis explains that age (p = ≤0.041), income (p = ≤0.037), and farm size (p = ≤0.005) are significant factors in deciding on a new adaption option. The outcomes of this research can be used to reevaluate current frameworks and strategies for coping with climate change and to identify the factors that influence policy formulation. In order to improve the water management system for agriculture, policies such as Cash-for-Work (CFW) and Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (EGPP) may be used to boost local agriculture.

The nexus between poverty and climate change is a major concern, especially in a country like Bangladesh where lack of resources is a significant problem in both rural and urban areas. Climate change affects a wide demographic of the population in Bangladesh, and among those affected, women are more vulnerable to climate change impacts, as is evident from the history of climate-induced disasters in the country. Climate change increases women’s socio-economic vulnerabilities by directly impacting their family’s food security, water consumption, and livelihood. Hence, their roles and contributions are critical in responding through adaptation. Nonetheless, in Bangladesh, challenges remain to incorporate women as distinct actors and active agents in climate adaptation programs considering the gender power dynamics that exist. In this context, this study focuses on women’s contributions as individuals or as a group and reveals their significant influence in climate change adaptation practices.

Climate change is a serious threat to the livelihoods of rural communities, particularly in mountainous areas because they are very sensitive to such changes. In this study, we assessed the household determinants to climate change adaptation drawing from a case study of agricultural adaptation in the Mount Rwenzori area of South Western Uganda. The study identified the major adaptation practices that are adopted by farmers to cope with the impacts of climate change and using available on-farm technologies. A total of 143 smallholder farmers were sampled and interviewed using field based questionnaires, field observations, and key informant interviews. Data was cleaned, entered and analysed using SPSS and Stata software for descriptive statistics. Thereafter, a Multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess the drivers of farmers’ choice for adaptation practices, factors influencing the choice of adaptation, and barriers. The major adaptation practices that were identified included; use of different crop varieties, tree planting, soil and water conservation, early and late planting, and furrow irrigation. Discrete choice model results indicated the age of the household head, experience in farming, household size, climate change shocks, land size, use of agricultural inputs, landscape position (location), and crop yield varied significantly (p > 0.05), which influenced farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation practices. The main barriers to adaptation included inadequate information on adaptation methods and financial constraints, leading us to conclude that contextual adaptation practices are more desirable for adoption to farmers. Adapting to climate change needs support from government and other stakeholders, however the implementation is more successful when appropriate and suitable choices are employed.