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Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) in intensive care unit
The aim of this review is to describe variation in standards and guidelines on ‘heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)’ system maintenance in the intensive care units, across the world, which is required to maintain good ‘indoor air quality’ as an important non-pharmacological strategy in preventing hospital-acquired infections. An online search and review of standards and guidelines published by various societies including American Institute of Architects (AIA), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health Estates and Facilities Division, Health Technical Memorandum 2025 (HTM) and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) along with various national expert committee consensus statements, regional and hospital-based protocols available in a public domain were retrieved. Selected publications and textbooks describing HVAC structural aspects were also reviewed, and we described the basic structural details of HVAC system as well as variations in the practised standards of HVAC system in the ICU, worldwide. In summary, there is a need of universal standards for HVAC system with a specific mention on the type of ICU, which should be incorporated into existing infection control practice guidelines.
Journal Article
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020
During January 26-February 10, 2020, an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease in an air-conditioned restaurant in Guangzhou, China, involved 3 family clusters. The airflow direction was consistent with droplet transmission. To prevent the spread of the virus in restaurants, we recommend increasing the distance between tables and improving ventilation.
Journal Article
Solar cooling : the Earthscan expert guide to solar cooling systems
\"Cooling buildings is a major global energy consumer and the energy requirement is growing year by year. This guide to solar cooling technology explains all you need to know about how solar energy can be converted into cooling energy. It outlines the difference between heat-driven and photovoltaic-driven systems and gives examples of both, making clear in what situations solar cooling technology makes sense. It includes chapters on: - solar thermal collectors - solar cooling technologies - cold distribution - storage components - designing and sizing - installation, operation and maintenance - economic feasibility - potential markets - case studies. Solar Cooling is for engineers, architects, consultancies, solar thermal technology companies, students and anyone who is interested in getting involved with this technology.\" --Provided by publisher.
Book
Investigation of air conditioning temperature variation by modifying the structure of passenger car using computational fluid dynamics
Air conditioning system is used for various application, in passenger car it gives comfort to the passenger. Now a days huge advancement have been included in the air conditioning system, especially automatic air conditioning system plays a vital role in passenger car. These air conditioning systems are performing well and have the capability of maintaining the temperature for long time with energy consumption. However, in some vehicle the performance of these air conditioning system is not achieved, while some vehicle achieved better performance. In later study it is found that, the structure of vehicle body also influence the performance of air conditioning system. In some structure the air conditioning air-flow a long distance in short time and have the capability to enhance the air conditioning performance. It is also found that the air conditioning performance can be improved by the structure of vehicle body. In this paper, we considered an Indian small budget car. The structure of the car is slightly modified and replaced the position of the air conditioning outlet. Then the residual temperature inside the car is analyzed with and without air conditioning. Here the CFD is used to analysis the temperature inside car at various position.
Journal Article
Testing and Balancing HVAC Air and Water Systems
Thoroughly revised, this book provides the reader with an understanding of the principles and practices of testing and balancing (TAB) heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) air and water systems. For the novice and the experienced testing and balancing technician, it is a field reference book of procedures, equations, and information tables. Divided into five parts, Part I has general and specific balancing procedures for constant air volume systems, variable air volume systems, return air systems, and fans and fan performance. Part II covers testing and balancing fume hood systems and cleanrooms, commissioning HVAC systems, centrifugal pumps and pump performance, analog and digital controls and water balancing procedures using flow meters, system components, and temperatures. Part III covers fans, pumps, air distribution, water distribution, motors, electrical, fluid flow, psychrometrics, refrigeration, and instrument usage and care. Part IV includes equations and tables. New to this edition, Part V has information and additional test and balance procedures and graphics for chapters 1-7 and 13-14. TAB Data and Test forms are in the new addendum as well. • Provides the readers with revised information about the principles and practices of testing and balancing (TAB) heating • Represents a field reference guide for both the novice and experienced testing and balancing technician • Includes a new section with information and additional test and balance procedures and graphics
eBook
Estimating a social cost of carbon for global energy consumption
Estimates of global economic damage caused by carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions can inform climate policy
1
–
3
. The social cost of carbon (SCC) quantifies these damages by characterizing how additional CO
2
emissions today impact future economic outcomes through altering the climate
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–
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. Previous estimates have suggested that large, warming-driven increases in energy expenditures could dominate the SCC
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,
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, but they rely on models
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–
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that are spatially coarse and not tightly linked to data
2
,
3
,
6
,
7
,
12
,
13
. Here we show that the release of one ton of CO
2
today is projected to reduce total future energy expenditures, with most estimates valued between −US$3 and −US$1, depending on discount rates. Our results are based on an architecture that integrates global data, econometrics and climate science to estimate local damages worldwide. Notably, we project that emerging economies in the tropics will dramatically increase electricity consumption owing to warming, which requires critical infrastructure planning. However, heating reductions in colder countries offset this increase globally. We estimate that 2099 annual global electricity consumption increases by about 4.5 exajoules (7 per cent of current global consumption) per one-degree-Celsius increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST), whereas direct consumption of other fuels declines by about 11.3 exajoules (7 per cent of current global consumption) per one-degree-Celsius increase in GMST. Our finding of net savings contradicts previous research
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,
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, because global data indicate that many populations will remain too poor for most of the twenty-first century to substantially increase energy consumption in response to warming. Importantly, damage estimates would differ if poorer populations were given greater weight
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.
Using global data, econometrics and climate science to estimate the damages induced by the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide, climate change is projected to increase electricity spending but reduce overall end-use energy expenditure.
Journal Article