Explore the vast range of titles available.

Mangroves are ecologically important plants in marine habitats that occupy the coastlines of many countries. In addition to their key ecological importance, various parts of mangroves are widely used in folklore medicine and claimed to effectively manage a panoply of human pathologies. To date, no comprehensive attempt has been made to compile and critically analyze the published literature in light of its ethnopharmacological uses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive account of the morphological characteristics, ethnobotany, global distribution, taxonomy, ethnopharmacology, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological activities of traditionally used mangroves. Out of 84 mangrove species, only 27 species were found to be traditionally used, however not all of them are pharmacologically validated. The most common pharmacological activities reported were antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. Mangroves traditionally reported against ulcers have not been extensively validated for possible pharmacological properties. Terpenoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins were the main classes of phytochemicals isolated from mangroves. Given that mangroves have huge potential for a wide array of medicinal products and drug discovery to prevent and treat many diseases, there is a dire need for careful investigations substantiated with accurate scientific and clinical evidence to ensure safety and efficient use of these plants and validate their pharmacological properties and toxicity.

This article focuses on the treatment of emotional states and the expressive vocabulary used to depict them in the Older Scots romance, The Buik of King Alexander the Conqueror (c. 1450-1499).1 It demonstrates how the rich language of emotion in this Scottish narrative poem is used for a new and distinctive portrayal of Alexander the Great, and his adversary, Darius of Peria, significantly distinguishing the text from its principal Latin source, the Historia de Preliis Alexandri Magni. This leads in turn to reflections on what the text's exploitation of the emotional potential of its source reveals about its function and reception in late medieval Scotland in advising those in power and encouraging compassion in its late medieval readers.

This paper proposes a methodology for sentiment analysis with emphasis on the emotional aspects of people visiting the Herculaneum Archaeological Park in Italy during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology provides a valuable means of continuous feedback on perceived risk of the site. A semantic analysis on Twitter text messages provided input to the risk management team with which they could respond immediately mitigating any apparent risk and reducing the perceived risk. A two-stage approach was adopted to prune a massively large dataset from Twitter. In the first phase, a social network analysis and visualisation tool NodeXL was used to determine the most recurrent words, which was achieved using polarity. This resulted in a suitable subset. In the second phase, the subset was subjected to sentiment and emotion mapping by survey participants. This led to a hybrid approach of using automation for pruning datasets from social media and using a human approach to sentiment and emotion analysis. Whilst suffering from COVID-19, equally, people suffered due to loneliness from isolation dictated by the World Health Organisation. The work revealed that despite such conditions, people’s sentiments demonstrated a positive effect from the online discussions on the Herculaneum site.

The ‘Roman emperor’ Sponsian is known only from an assemblage of coins allegedly found in Transylvania (Romania) in 1713. They are very unlike regular Roman coins in style and manufacture, with various enigmatic features including bungled legends and historically mixed motifs, and have long been dismissed as poorly made forgeries. Here we present non-destructive imaging and spectroscopic results that show features indicative of authenticity. Deep micro-abrasion patterns suggest extensive circulation-wear. Superficial patches of soil minerals bound by authigenic cement and overlain by oxidation products indicate a history of prolonged burial then exhumation. These observations force a re-evaluation of Sponsian as a historical personage. Combining evidence from the coins with the historical record, we suggest he was most likely an army commander in the isolated Roman Province of Dacia during the military crisis of the 260s CE, and that his crudely manufactured coins supported a functioning monetary economy that persisted locally for an appreciable period.

This article aims to publish a rare terracotta head of Alexander the Great preserved in the Greco-Roman Museum. The head depicts Alexander the Great wearing a cap called kausia. Alexander Was not depicted with this cap before from Egypt despite some attempts to prove this. The study will include comparisons between our head and the previously published heads of Alexander the Great from Egypt. Also, the research spotlight on the Macedonian identity of Alexander. The kausia was a Macedonian headgear worn by the Macedonian kings after Alexander the Great, perhaps Alexander wore it after his campaign against India. Additionally, the kausia was worn by Macedonian boys and youth, as well as the Ptolemaic kings. It has been a distinctive headgear for the inhabitants of Afghanistan until now. Hence the importance of this rare head is strong and clear evidence of the correctness of what various literary sources mentioned in Alexander the Great wearing this cap, which was associated with chlamys and the krepides sandal.

II Artabazos ve Aile Fertlerinin Pers-Makedon Savaşlarindaki Rolleri Bu makalede Phamakes hanedanliǧindan Artabazos ve aile bireylerinin Pers-Makedon savaşlari sirasinda üstlendikleri askeri ve politik rolleri İncelenmektedir. Bir ailenin Pers imparatorluǧundan Makedonia kralliǧina kadar uzanan kariyerlerindeki iniş-çikişlari ve başarilari analiz edilmektedir. Aristokrat ailelerin gerek Pers gerekse Makedon yönetim sisteminde önemli misyonlari vardi ve onlarin sadakati sistemin devamliliǧi açisindan gerekliydi. Bu baǧlamda Artabazos ailesi özelinde aristokrat ailelerin imparatorluk sistemi içindeki işlevi ve önemi ortaya konulmaya çalişilmaktadir. Bu perspektifte dönemin önemli tarihsel olaylari yeniden İncelenmektedir. Bununla birlikte Rhodoslu yerel bir ailenin Pers satrabiyla kurulan evlilik baǧi sayesinde imparatorluk sistemi içerisine girişine ve politik kariyer basamaklarini nasil tirmandiǧina deǧinilmektedir. Pers satrapliklarinin idaresi için oluşturulmuş yaygin bir bürokratik sistem olmakla birlikte, satraplarin emri altinda memur ile kendi hane halkindan oluşan bir kadro bulunmaktaydi. Bu sayede Mentor ve Memnon Troas Bölgesi'ndeki bazi kentlerin idaresi, Hellenli ücretli askerlerin komutanliǧi gibi çeşitli kamusal ve askeri görevler üstlendiler. Ancak köklü bir aristokrat aileye mensup olmak bir ailenin politik başarisini garanti etmiyordu ve yapilan yanliş davranişlar ailenin bütün itibarini gözden düşürebiliyordu. Artabazos ve ailesinin kamusal kariyerlerinde üç kritik dönüm noktasi bulunmaktadir. İlki, Artabazos'un Daskyleion satraplik görevi esnasinda Pers krali III. Artakserkses'e karşi başlattiǧi başarisiz isyanin Pella'da sürgün hayatiyla sonuçlanmasidir. Bu esnada Mentor ise Misir'a siǧinmayi tercih etmiştir. İkincisi kralin tarafina geçen Mentor'un Misir ayaklanmasindaki başarilari sayesinde MÖ yak. 342 yilinda Artabazos'un sürgün hayatinin sona erdirilmesi ve tekrar Pers sitemi içerisine aile fertlerinin dahil edilmesidir. III. Dareios'un tahta geçmesiyle aile, eski itibarini kazandi ve İskender'in Perslere karşi açtiǧi savaşta büyük bir nüfuz elde etti. Özellikle Küçük Asya'da Memnon ve Pharnabazos, İskender'e karşi yürüttükleri deniz savaşinda önemli başarilar elde ettiler. Merkez Asya'da ise Artabazos, oǧullari (Arsames, Ariobarzanes, Cophen) ve Thymondas üstlendikleri önemli askeri görevlerle III. Dareios'la birlikte İskender'e karşi savaştilar. Üçüncü kritik durum ise III. Dareios'un ölmesiyle İskender'in tarafina geçmeleridir. Pers imparatorluǧu yikilmasina raǧmen, bu defa da Makedonia kralliǧi içerisinde kisa süreliǧine de olsa yer edinmeyi başardilar. Sadakatlarini sunduklari İskender'le birlikte Baktria, Sogdiana bölgelerinde isyan eden ve direnen yerel halklarla aktif bir şekilde savaştilar.

If you wish to extend the activity, perhaps consider the similar representation of Odysseus' dog Argos as reported by Homer, or the more modern account of the heroic pigeon Cher Ami in World War I.6 You could also explore the representations of animals inherently linked to divinity. Suggested Activity To communicate historical understanding in contemporary modes, students work in groups to design a group and individual message-thread depicting the somewhat outlandish events as told by Herodotus. Curriculum Links This is a potential hook activity addressing 'the different methods and sources used by historians and archaeologists to investigate history and/or a historical mystery'.10 It demonstrates how ancient historians, such as Herodotus, represented and framed historical accounts (The most amazing thing that happened').11 Herodotus has attempted to build credibility for the account by saying that the people of Corinth and Lesbos tell the story, and there is a bronze sculpture depicting the event at Tainaron. Since animals represented gods and goddesses in the ancient Greco-Roman world, their support lent weight to the claims of these leaders and the respect they commanded in their foundation.

Through repeated imagery and representation in ancient Greek art, mythology and literature, the owl is inherently linked with Athena the goddess of wisdom, strategic warfare, weaving and pottery.2 The myth of Athena's birth from the forehead of Zeus establishes her as a being of divine intelligence, a characteristic that was imparted to the owl. The Role of Elephants in Art, Knowledge and Conquest in Ancient Greece Elephants might seem to be a less intuitive case study for ancient Greek history, more readily associated with the jungles of Africa and India than with the Mediterranean. Ivory is first mentioned in Homer's Iliad as an embellishment for chariots' reins.10 It was also used for the eyes of bronze statues, and, most spectacularly, chryselephantine statues made of gold and ivory, some of which have survived from Bronze Age Greece (Fig. 2).11 Ivory was considered more valuable than bronze, and statues incorporating it were a significant part of a city's treasury. [...]elephants are the most vivid embodiment of changing conceptions of power after the death of Alexander the Great in the era known as the Hellenistic Period.

Although over time each service has developed specific doctrines aimed at achieving decisive victory against the adversary, using only their own capabilities, this approach now seems no longer viable in the context of new technologies and the dependency of military forces on elements that are not entirely under their control, such as the cyber domain. Nonetheless, the military have demonstrated that they possess some advantages in terms of the strategic impact they have, not only within a conflict but also as a state policy. This is also the case for Naval Forces, which have proven over time to be an important means of advancing the interests of nations that have developed a strong maritime consciousness. In the article, one can find illustrated the strategic role of each service, subsequently being detailed the strategic missions of Naval Forces and how the Romanian Naval Forces can address this challenge.