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"Analogy"
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Surfaces and essences : analogy as the fuel and fire of thinking /
Shows how analogy-making pervades human thought at all levels, influencing the choice of words and phrases in speech, providing guidance in unfamiliar situations, and giving rise to great acts of imagination.
Book
Dangerous bodies
Through an investigation of the body and its oppression by the church, the medical profession and the state, this book reveals the actual horrors lying beneath fictional horror in settings as diverse as the monastic community, slave plantation, operating theatre, Jewish ghetto and battlefield trench. The book provides original readings of canonical Gothic literary and film texts including The Castle of Otranto, The Monk, Frankenstein, Dracula and Nosferatu. This collection of fictionalised dangerous bodies is traced back to the effects of the English Reformation, Spanish Inquisition, French Revolution, Caribbean slavery, Victorian medical malpractice, European anti-Semitism and finally warfare, ranging from the Crimean up to the Vietnam War. The endangered or dangerous body lies at the centre of the clash between victim and persecutor and has generated tales of terror and narratives of horror, which function to either salve, purge or dangerously perpetuate such oppositions. This ground-breaking book will be of interest to academics and students of Gothic studies, gender and film studies and especially to readers interested in the relationship between history and literature.
eBook
Planar D 2h B26H8, D 2h B26H8 2+, and C 2h B26H6: Building Blocks of Stable Boron Sheets with Twin-Hexagonal Holes
The most stable mono-layer boron sheets were predicted to have both the isolated hexagonal hole and the twin-hexagonal hole. Previous investigations indicate that planar B18H n q (n = 3a6, q = n a 4) are the building blocks of boron sheets with isolated hexagonal holes. Extensive DFT investigations performed in this work show that D 2h B26H8, D 2h B26H8 2+, and C 2 B26H6, may serve as the building blocks of boron sheets with twin-hexagonal holes. These bicyclic clusters possess planar or quasi-planar geometries at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level, with 16, 14, and 14 delocalized I electrons, respectively. Detailed analyses indicate that they are overall aromatic in nature, with the formation of islands of both I and I aromaticity. They are analogous to D 2h C16H14 and D 2h C16H14 2+ in I bonding patterns, respectively, but fundamentally different from the latter in I-bonding. Remarkably, all of them appear to be energetically the lowest-lying isomers obtained, which are promising targets for future gas phase syntheses. These hydroboron clusters, together with B18H n q clusters, establish the molecular basis for modeling the short-range structures, nucleation, and growth processes of monolayer boron sheets. The results obtained in this work enrich the chemistry of boron hydride clusters and expand the analogy relationship between hydroborons and hydrocarbons.
Journal Article
Analogical investigations : historical and cross-cultural perspectives on human reasoning
Western philosophy and science are responsible for constructing some powerful tools of investigation, aiming at discovering the truth, delivering robust explanations, verifying conjectures, showing that inferences are sound and demonstrating results conclusively. By contrast reasoning that depends on analogies has often been viewed with suspicion. Professor Lloyd first explores the origins of those Western ideals, criticises some of their excesses and redresses the balance in favour of looser, admittedly non-demonstrative analogical reasoning. For this he takes examples both from ancient Greek and Chinese thought and from the materials of recent ethnography to show how different ancient and modern cultures have developed different styles of reasoning. He also develops two original but controversial ideas, that of semantic stretch (to cast doubt on the literal/metaphorical dichotomy) and the multidimensionality of reality (to bypass the realism versus relativism and nature versus nurture controversies). Cover p. 4.
Book
Comparative Survey of Architectural Creation by Analogy with Nature Among B.Sc. and M.Sc. Students of Architecture
One of the methods to create the idea in the architectural design is the principles and patterns in the natural phenomena. The current study consists of two sections. The first section introduces and recognizes the analogy of nature and its different types. Then, this section studies, classifies, and analyzes the opinions using the analytical-descriptive methods. In the second section, performances of two groups of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, in architecture and Urbanism Faculty of the Jundi-Shapour University of Technology, Dezfoul, on how to deal with nature and analogy method was evaluated as freehand sketching using experimental study. The sketches were classified based on the modeling and analogy method into three classes of formal, structural, and conceptual analogies, which have conceptual, structural, and formal specifications based on the patterns of nature. The results show that undergraduate students selected the patterns based on their form, function, symbolism, aesthetics, feelings, design process, nature, climate, and structure. Also, graduate students selected the patterns based on the function, form, symbolism, feelings, climate, and structure. The form of nature was applied more among the undergraduate students, while the function of nature was utilized more among the graduate students.
Journal Article
Children’s analogism in the acquisition of morphology as a reflection of linguistic thinking
The paper presents psycholinguistic personal case study in its character. It focuses on the analogous (hypergeneralizing) formation of nouns and verbs in the ontogenesis of children’s speech through the prism of linguistic principles. The basic research material is diary entries of 364 grammatical forms of two children aged 1;10 – 2;7 years and 3;8 – 4;5 years (recorded during the ten months in 2017), which are incompatible with the literary norm of the Slovak language. The basic starting point was the hypothesis that agrammatic forms in children’s speech can be categorized and explained on the basis of natural language principles, whose application presupposes a certain level in the development and functioning of logical and thought operations and the cognitive system as such. The analysis of research material enabled us to generalize certain tendencies in the ontogenesis of the morphological system in children, which lead to structural iconism, uniform symbolization, systemicity and unification of the word-formation basis. The application of the principles in children’s speech has proved to be specific – the child applies in his speech mainly the principles of analogy, naturalness and dominance. The limit of the presented longitudinal research is the small number of respondents and the very nature of the research problem, whose solution requires intensive contact with the child subject, a longer period of time and more extensive research material.
Journal Article
Design-by-analogy: experimental evaluation of a functional analogy search methodology for concept generation improvement
Design-by-analogy is a growing field of study and practice, due to its power to augment and extend traditional concept generation methods by expanding the set of generated ideas using similarity relationships from solutions to analogous problems. This paper presents the results of experimentally testing a new method for extracting functional analogies from general data sources, such as patent databases, to assist designers in systematically seeking and identifying analogies. In summary, the approach produces significantly improved results on the novelty of solutions generated and no significant change in the total quantity of solutions generated. Computationally, this design-by-analogy facilitation methodology uses a novel functional vector space representation to quantify the functional similarity between represented design problems and, in this case, patent descriptions of products. The mapping of the patents into the functional analogous words enables the generation of functionally relevant novel ideas that can be customized in various ways. Overall, this approach provides functionally relevant novel sources of design-by-analogy inspiration to designers and design teams.
Journal Article