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"Assad, Hafez"
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The struggle for power in Syria : politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party
This classic study of politics and society in modern Syria explains the factors that enabled the regime of Hafiz al-Asad to stay in power much longer than any other since independence. Through an in-depth examination of the role of sectarian, regional and tribal loyalties, van Dam traces developments within the Ba'th Party and the military and civilian power elite from the 1963 Ba'thist takeover up to the present day.
Book
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
In this book, the distinguished scholar Hanna Batatu presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent social, economic, and political evolution of Syria's peasantry, the segment of society from which the current holders of political power stem. Batatu focuses mainly on the twentieth century and, in particular, on the Ba`th movement, the structures of power after the military coup d'état of 1963, and the era of îvfiz al-Asad, Syria's first ruler of peasant extraction. Without seeking to prove any single theory about Syrian life, he offers a uniquely rich and detailed account of how power was transferred from one demographic group to another and how that power is maintained today. Batatu begins by examining social differences among Syria's peasants and the evolution of their mode of life and economic circumstances. He then scrutinizes the peasants' forms of consciousness, organization, and behavior in Ottoman and Mandate times and prior to the Ba`thists' rise to power. He explores the rural aspects of Ba`thism and shows that it was not a single force but a plurality of interrelated groups--prominent among them the descendants of the lesser rural notables--with different social goals and mental horizons. The book also provides a perceptive account of President Asad, his personality and conduct, and the characteristics and power structures of his regime. Batatu draws throughout on a wide range of socioeconomic and biographical information and on personal interviews with Syrian peasants and political leaders, offering invaluable insights into the complexities of a country and a regime that have long been poorly understood by outsiders.
eBook
The Wisdom of Syria's Waiting Game
A timely and insightful look at how Bashar Assad shifted the Syrian regime's focus from national security to mere survival.
eBook
Syria's peasantry, the descendants of its lesser rural notables, and their politics
In this book, the distinguished scholar Hanna Batatu presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent social, economic, and political evolution of Syria's peasantry, the segment of society from which the current holders of political power stem. Batatu focuses mainly on the twentieth century and, in particular, on the Ba`th movement, the structures of power after the military coup d'état of 1963, and the era of îvfiz al-Asad, Syria's first ruler of peasant extraction. Without seeking to prove any single theory about Syrian life, he offers a uniquely rich and detailed account of how power was transferred from one demographic group to another and how that power is maintained today. Batatu begins by examining social differences among Syria's peasants and the evolution of their mode of life and economic circumstances. He then scrutinizes the peasants' forms of consciousness, organization, and behavior in Ottoman and Mandate times and prior to the Ba`thists' rise to power. He explores the rural aspects of Ba`thism and shows that it was not a single force but a plurality of interrelated groups--prominent among them the descendants of the lesser rural notables--with different social goals and mental horizons. The book also provides a perceptive account of President Asad, his personality and conduct, and the characteristics and power structures of his regime. Batatu draws throughout on a wide range of socioeconomic and biographical information and on personal interviews with Syrian peasants and political leaders, offering invaluable insights into the complexities of a country and a regime that have long been poorly understood by outsiders.
eBook
Naval Statecraft in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Power Shift in Syria and Russia's Maritime Strategy
This study examines the repercussions of the power shift in Syria on the Russian presence in the Eastern Mediterranean through the concept of naval statecraft. Analyzing the Baathist regime's contacts with the Russian navy in Syria through the concept of naval statecraft, the study focuses on the years 2011-2024 and operates under three headings: Platform Sovereignty, Strategic Fluidity, and Operational Access. Under \"Platform Sovereignty,\" the study examines how naval forces have shaped the understanding of sovereignty and political ideals in a way that goes beyond the goal of being a platform for war. The discussion on strategic fluency focuses on the influence of allies and partners on naval statecraft, and the section on operational access examines the focal points and operational capacities of the spheres of activity at the regional level. Within the framework of these topics, the study has two main objectives: to re-theorize the classically focused concept of sea power as naval statecraft and to analyze the repercussions of the changing regime in Syria on the Russian naval power in the Eastern Mediterranean within this theoretical framework. Keywords Eastern Mediterranean, Russia, Syria, maritime strategy, naval statecraft, platform sovereignty, operational access
Journal Article
Hafız Esad’ın Kararları: Olasılık Teorisi Bağlamında Bir İnceleme
Hafez Assad, who ruled Syria for nearly 30 years, draws attention as an important leader in the political history of the country. Assad was not only a leader, but also the sole power in the country. The regime he built was shaped under the umbrella of the Baath party, and this party became the institutionalized version of Assad, as it were. After his death, the Baath regime continues with his son Bashar Assad in Syria, despite the Civil War environment. Hafez Assad’s ability to be this strong is owing to the decisions he made both in his personal life and in his political life Assad’s strategic decisions determined the future of Syria as well. Analyzes of leaders have drawn attention as one of the most important fields in political studies. Leadership studies are generally included in decision making theories. In this study, Assad’s decisions were analyzed from the perspective of prospect theory through analytical examples, Prospect theory is included in decision-making theories. As a result, it was determined that the important decisions Assad made in his life supported the assumptions of prospect theory.
Journal Article
Facing Assad. American Diplomacy Toward Syria, 1973-1977
In the wake of the 1973 October War, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad led the United States and Syria in reviving their long-dead diplomatic relationship. This process began amidst the diplomatic effort that would lead to the unprecedented Syrian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement of 1974, matured in the difficult period of stalemate that followed, and produced a paradoxical diplomatic concord as Syria, Israel and the United States grappled with Lebanon's civil war. This is at once the tale of 40 months of negotiations, deceit and maneuvers, and the beginning of the troubled American relationship with the Assad dynasty.
Journal Article
The Soviet Union and Syria
This Chatham House Paper examines the nature of Soviet relations with Syria, assessing the commitments made and the gains reaped by Moscow and Damascus in the economic, military and political spheres. After discussing Soviet interests in the region in general and with regard to Syria in particular, the author traces the evolution of the relationship between Moscow and its major Middle Eastern ally since Asad came to power in 1970.
While the study argues that huge Soviet military aid has intensified the pro-Soviet alignment of Syrian policy, it contends that Asad's perception of his country's national interests has also played a large part in shaping the relationship. The author concludes that both sides have gained from what is an interdependent relationship. If Damascus remains almost wholly dependent on Soviet military aid, regional constraints give Syria some leverage over Moscow. Without Moscow's support Syria might perhaps not have played such a leading role in the region; without Damascus the Soviet Union might have found itself on the sidelines of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
eBook
Why Iran is Not the Winner in Syria
After Pres Donald Trump declared that he was pulling US forces out of Syria, nearly all commentators declared that Iran would be one of the major beneficiaries--if not the major beneficiary--of the move. This is not surprising, since as a rule, US, Arab, and even European commentators have declared Iran the winner of nearly all US actions in the Middle East and West Asia since the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The same has been true of Iraq. Again the presence of US forces in Iraq puts them in close proximity to the Iranian border and has increased Iran's vulnerability to potential US military action. Moreover, Iran has paid a heavy price in both money and lives in Iraq--including fighting the Islamic State without getting credit for it--and these costs have been greater than the benefits it has received from its relations with Baghdad. A similar situation exists in Syria. To begin with, the US withdrawal from Syria is not yet a reality. Pres Trump might change his mind.
Journal Article