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"Aviation Psychological aspects"
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Flight-related determinants of healthcare services utilization of asylum seekers and refugees in Germany: a study based on the German Socio-Economic Panel
The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between healthcare services utilization and flight-related characteristics of asylum seekers and refugees in Germany. The 2020 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel's Survey of Refugees was used to compile a sample of asylum seekers and refugees (n = 3134). Healthcare services utilization was measured using the self-reported number of visits to primary care physicians and hospitalization. Only the feeling of being welcome and worries about not being able to stay in Germany were identified as potential flight-related determinants of healthcare services utilization.
Journal Article
Safety-I and safety-II
Much more than a technical book. Erik’s work is a well documented journey into the multiple interactions between safety, work and human nature. A timely contribution to vindicate human beings and their variability from the one sided focus on the evils of human error. A groundbreaking look at ‘the other story’ that will certainly contribute to safer and more productive workplaces.
Dr Alejandro Morales, Mutual Seguridad, Chile
Safety needs a new maturity. We can no longer improve by simply doing what we have been doing, even by doing it better. DR Hollnagel brings forth new distinctions, interpretations, and narratives that will allow safety to progress to new unforeseen levels. Safety-II is more than just incident and accident prevention. A must read for every safety professional.
Tom McDaniel, Global Manager Zero Harm and Human Performance, Siemens Energy, Inc., USA
eBook
Investigating Cooperative Behavior in Ecological Settings: An EEG Hyperscanning Study
The coordinated interactions between individuals are fundamental for the success of the activities in some professional categories. We reported on brain-to-brain cooperative interactions between civil pilots during a simulated flight. We demonstrated for the first time how the combination of neuroelectrical hyperscanning and intersubject connectivity could provide indicators sensitive to the humans' degree of synchronization under a highly demanding task performed in an ecological environment. Our results showed how intersubject connectivity was able to i) characterize the degree of cooperation between pilots in different phases of the flight, and ii) to highlight the role of specific brain macro areas in cooperative behavior. During the most cooperative flight phases pilots showed, in fact, dense patterns of interbrain connectivity, mainly linking frontal and parietal brain areas. On the contrary, the amount of interbrain connections went close to zero in the non-cooperative phase. The reliability of the interbrain connectivity patterns was verified by means of a baseline condition represented by formal couples, i.e. pilots paired offline for the connectivity analysis but not simultaneously recorded during the flight. Interbrain density was, in fact, significantly higher in real couples with respect to formal couples in the cooperative flight phases. All the achieved results demonstrated how the description of brain networks at the basis of cooperation could effectively benefit from a hyperscanning approach. Interbrain connectivity was, in fact, more informative in the investigation of cooperative behavior with respect to established EEG signal processing methodologies applied at a single subject level.
Journal Article
Effect of acute stress on working memory in pilots: Investigating the modulatory role of memory load
Many practitioners, such as pilots, frequently face working memory (WM) demands under acute stress environments, while the effect of acute stress on WM has not been conclusively studied because it is moderated by a variety of factors. The current study investigated how acute stress affects pilots’ WM under different memory load conditions. There are 42 pilots conducting the experiments, consisting of 21 stress group participants experiencing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and 21 control group participants experiencing the controlled TSST (C-TSST). Subsequently, both groups performed N-back tasks under three memory load conditions (0-back, 1-back, and 2-back). State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI), heart rate (HR), and salivary cortisol concentrations (SCC) were collected to analyze acute stress induction. The results revealed that (1) the TSST could effectively induce acute stress with higher S-AI, HR, and SCC; (2) higher memory load reduces WM accuracy (ACC) and delays response times (RT); (3) acute stress increases WM ACC under moderate load conditions (1-back task). These results suggest that acute stress may not necessarily impair WM and even improve WM performance under certain memory load conditions. Potential mechanisms of acute stress effects on WM and alternative explanations for the modulatory role of memory load consistent with the emotion and motivation regulation theory are discussed. These findings not only provide insight into the field of acute stress and WM but are also beneficial for pilot training and the development of stress management strategies.
Journal Article
Sleep and biorhythm among intercontinental pilots: the effect of exempting flight crews from mandatory layover and flight times during COVID-19
Pilots are crucial to the safety of the airline industry; as a result, their sleep and biorhythm, which are closely related to fatigue, play an important role. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Civil Aviation Administration of China exempted flight crews from mandatory layovers and imposed limitations on duty period and flight times. Given that the effect of this policy on their sleep and biorhythm is poorly understood, this study explores the key factors affecting the sleep and biorhythm of pilots on intercontinental flights and compares the rest status on and after flying days on exempt and non-exempt flights. Eighty pilots flying from China to five countries wore a body movement recorder, which has been validated for estimating total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and interdaily stability. The results of the K-means clustering analysis showed differences in sleep and biorhythm on flying days between departures during the day and at night, west-east and north-south flights, and exempt and non-exempt flights. ANOVA was performed based on the categorization in which each indicator contributed significantly to the clustering (p = 0.000). This study contributes to the literature by validating a new intercontinental flight operation model under the COVID-19 pandemic conditions and proposes critical points for the future management of pilot fatigue on long-haul flights.
Journal Article
The effects of flight training on flying cadets' brain structure
In recent years, the impact of professional training on brain structure has sparked extensive research interest. Research into pilots as a high-demand, high-load, and high-cost occupation holds significant academic and economic value. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of flight training on the brain structure and cognitive functions of flying cadets. The structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data from 39 flying cadets and 37 general college students underwent analysis using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) methods to quantitatively detect and compute multiple indicators, including gray matter volume (GMV), curvature, mean curvature of the white matter surface (MC-WMS), the percentage of surface white matter gray matter (WM-GM percentage), surface Jacobi (S-Jacobi), and Gaussian curvature of white matter surface (GC-WMS). At the voxel level, the GMV in the left temporal pole: middle temporal gyrus region of flying cadets significantly decreased (Gaussian random field, GRF, P < 0.05). At the surface level, there was a significant increase in curvature, MC-WMS, and S-Jacobi in the lateral occipital region of flight cadets (Monte Carlo block level correction, MCBLC, P<0.05), a significant increase in WM-GM percentage in the cuneus region of flight cadets (MCBLC, P<0.05), and a significant increase in GC-WMS in the middle temporal region of flight cadets (MCBLC, P<0.05). In addition, these changes were correlated with behavioral tests. Research suggested that flight training might induce changes in certain brain regions of flying cadets, enabling them to adapt to evolving training content and environments, thereby enhancing their problem-solving and flight abilities. By analyzing multiple indicators at the voxel and surface levels in an integrated manner, it advances our understanding of brain structure, function, and plasticity, while also facilitating a more profound exploration of the neural mechanisms within the pilot's brain.
Journal Article