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Basics in Human Evolution
Basics in Human Evolution offers a broad view of evolutionary biology and medicine. The book is written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field. From evolutionary theory, tocultural evolution, this book fills gaps in the readers' knowledge from various backgrounds and introducesthem to thought leaders in human evolution research. * Offers comprehensive coverage of the wide ranging field of human evolution * Written for a non-expert audience, providing accessible and convenient content that will appeal to numerous readers across the interdisciplinary field * Provides expertise from leading minds in the field * Allows the reader the ability to gain exposure to various topics in one publication
eBook
Biology is wild
\"Most people believe all fish live in water all the time. However, the mudskipper can stay on land for hours. Incredible biological adaptations that allow for such odd creatures to exist are just one part of biology that makes learning about the world around us fun! Surprising facts act as a gateway to important STEM information readers will find both interesting and valuable in science class. The main content covers the human body, bacteria, medicines, habitats, and more, complemented by full-color photographs of immortal jellyfish, long-necked giraffes, and sharks.\" -- Publisher's website.
Book
Application of systems biology-based in silico tools to optimize treatment strategy identification in Still's disease
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) are manifestations of an autoinflammatory disorder with complex pathophysiology and significant morbidity, together also termed Still's disease. The objective of the current study is to set in silico models based on systems biology and investigate the optimal treat-to-target strategy for Still's disease as a proof-of-concept of the modeling approach.
Molecular characteristics of Still's disease and data on biological inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-1 (anakinra, canakinumab), IL-6 (tocilizumab, sarilumab), and glucocorticoids as well as conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs, methotrexate) were used to construct in silico mechanisms of action (MoA) models by means of Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (TPMS) technology. TPMS combines artificial neuronal networks, sampling-based methods, and artificial intelligence. Model outcomes were validated with published expression data from sJIA patients.
Biologicals demonstrated more pathophysiology-directed efficiency than non-biological drugs. IL-1 blockade mainly acts on proteins implicated in the innate immune system, while IL-6 signaling blockade has a weaker effect on innate immunity and rather affects adaptive immune mechanisms. The MoA models showed that in the autoinflammatory/systemic phases of Still's disease, in which the innate immunity plays a pivotal role, the IL-1β-neutralizing antibody canakinumab is more efficient than the IL-6 receptor-inhibiting antibody tocilizumab. MoA models reproduced 67% of the information obtained from expression data.
Systems biology-based modeling supported the preferred use of biologics as an immunomodulatory treatment strategy for Still's disease. Our results reinforce the role for IL-1 blockade on innate immunity regulation, which is critical in systemic autoinflammatory diseases. This further encourages early use on Still's disease IL-1 blockade to prevent the development of disease or drug-related complications. Further analysis at the clinical level will validate the findings and help determining the timeframe of the window of opportunity for canakinumab treatment.
Journal Article
Lipid profiles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the lipid profiles in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods The literature and relevant reviews were searched for published clinical studies on the relationship between JIA and blood lipid levels. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) was applied to evaluate the risk and methodological value of the included case‒control and cohort studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived for all variables with adequate unprocessed data. This meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results In total, 16 studies were incorporated through screening. The analysis findings revealed that the levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD=-0.411, 95% CI (-0.774~-0.048), P = 0.026], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD=-0.528, 95% CI (-0.976~-0.079), P = 0.021], and apolipoprotein A1 [SMD=-1.050, 95% CI (-1.452~-0.647), P = 0.000] in JIA patients were statistically lower than those observed in healthy controls. The level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [SMD = 0.202, 95% CI (0.003 ~ 0.400), P = 0.046] was significantly higher in JIA patients than in healthy controls. In JIA patients, body mass index [SMD=-0.189, 95% CI (-0.690 ~ 0.311), P = 0.459], high-density lipoprotein [SMD =-1.235, 95% CI (-2.845 ~ 0.374), P = 0.133), low-density lipoprotein [SMD = 0.616, 95% CI (-0.813 ~ 2.046), P = 0.398), triglycerides (SMD = 0.278, 95% CI (-0.182 ~ 0.738), P = 0.236], total cholesterol [SMD=-0.073, 95% CI (-0.438 ~ 0.293), P = 0.696] and apolipoprotein B levels [SMD = 0.226, 95% CI (-0.133 ~ 0.585), P = 0.217] were not significantly different from those in healthy controls. Conclusions The outcomes of this meta-analysis suggest that dyslipidemia is common in JIA patients compared to healthy controls. Patients with JIA have a significantly increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease later in life.
Journal Article
A brief illustrated history of life on Earth
\"[This book] charts the evolution of living species all the way from 2.5 billion years ago, through the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods and right through to today\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Differences in the morphological body condition index of sea turtles between species and size classes
The body condition of animals is an important indicator of their habitats and the effects of anthropogenic activities and pollution. Body condition indices calculated from morphometric measurements have been widely employed as they are easy to use and inexpensive. In sea turtles, Fulton's condition index, calculated as the bodyweight divided by the cube of straight carapace length (SCL), has been commonly used and it has been proposed that an index of ≥1.2 indicates a good body condition. However, comparing Fulton's condition index between different species and size classes is problematic as it does not consider the mass-length relationship. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the differences between sea turtles. A literature review indicated that most studies reported the SCL-based Fulton's condition index for green turtles (Chelonia mydas), followed by loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Therefore, we compared the values reported for healthy turtles of these three species. Meta-analysis supported the adequacy of 1.2 as a threshold in juvenile and adult green turtles and large juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles. High Fulton's condition index values were found for hatchlings and post-hatchlings of all three species and small loggerhead turtle juveniles. Low Fulton's condition index values were found for hawksbill turtles, particularly small juveniles. The differences in the Fulton's condition index between species and size classes indicated that it should be used carefully as a threshold for health condition evaluation.
Journal Article
Your guide to life on Earth
\"What exactly is a living thing? What is it made of? Your Guide to Life on Earth starts with the very basics of life and provides bite-sized chunks of information to explain in an easy-to-understand way the science behind the mystery of life on Earth\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation
Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation brings together experts in relevant fields to describe the successful application of microbes and their derivatives for bioremediation of potentially toxic and relatively novel compounds. This single-source reference encompasses all categories of pollutants and their applications in a convenient, comprehensive package. Our natural biodiversity and environment is in danger due to the release of continuously emerging potential pollutants by anthropogenic activities. Though many attempts have been made to eradicate and remediate these noxious elements, every day thousands of xenobiotics of relatively new entities emerge, thus worsening the situation. Primitive microorganisms are highly adaptable to toxic environments, and can reduce the load of toxic elements by their successful transformation and remediation. * Describes many novel approaches of microbial bioremediation including genetic engineering, metagenomics, microbial fuel cell technology, biosurfactants and biofilm-based bioremediation * Introduces relatively new hazardous elements and their bioremediation practices including oil spills, military waste water, greenhouse gases, polythene wastes, and more * Provides the most advanced techniques in the field of bioremediation, including insilico approach, microbes as pollution indicators, use of bioreactors, techniques of pollution monitoring, and more
eBook