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Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems
As carbons are widely used in energy storage and conversion systems, there is a rapidly growing need for an updated book that describes their physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties. Edited by those responsible for initiating the most progressive conference on Carbon for Energy Storage and Environment Protection (CESEP), this book undoubtedly fills this need. Written in collaboration with prominent scientists in carbon science and its energy-related applications, Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems provides the most complete and up-to-date coverage available on carbon materials for application in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The text studies different carbon materials and their detailed physicochemical properties and provides an in-depth review of their wide-ranging applications-including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and primary cells.
eBook
Carbon Dots in Bioimaging, Biosensing and Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review
Carbon dots (CDs), comprising crystalline graphitized carbon cores and polymer surface groups, are currently attracting a lot of interest in biological fields owing to their fluorescent properties, high photostability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. In addition, the easy preparation and functionalization of CDs stimulate the development of CDs‐based composite materials with specific functions. Presently, the biological applications of CDs are growing at a remarkable speed, justifying the need for up‐to‐date review articles that capture recent progress in this blossoming field. In this review, breakthroughs in the synthesis, modification, optical properties, toxicology and biocatalytic platforms of CDs are described. Further, recent research related to bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, antibacterial, anticancer (photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and synergistic therapy) and antiviral therapies involving CDs are discussed in detail. Finally, a perspective on the prospects and challenges of CDs in the fields of biomedicine and biotechnology is provided.
The development and application of new functional nanomaterials have always been the focus of various research fields. Among them, carbon dots (CDs) are the newest member of the carbon‐based nanomaterials, which has aroused great interest in bioapplications due to its extraordinary optical and biological properties. Therefore, it is important to make a comprehensive summary of its wide bioapplication values.
Journal Article
The Effect of Forest Thinning on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function
Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities play key roles in carbon cycling in ecosystems. Forest thinning is likely to change the soil properties and feedbacks on the structure and function of microbial communities, consequently affecting microbial regulation on the soil carbon process. However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of how thinning affects the quantity and stability of soil carbon. To reveal the influence of thinning on soil carbon and to explore the regulated key factors, this study was conducted in a pure Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr plantation with different thinning intensity (light, medium, and high) in Shanxi province, China. Soil properties (soil pH, soil water content, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass carbon) were measured. Meanwhile, soil microbial communities were examined with the method of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), and soil enzyme activities were measured as indicators of soil microbial functions. The results showed that medium and high thinning has positive effects on soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial abundance, and soil enzyme activities. Actinomycetes and gram-negative bacteria were the major factors to affect soil microbial community function relating to carbon decomposition. Soil pH contributed to actinomycetes and gram-negative bacteria through direct influences on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Moreover, there were strong correlations between soil pH and microbial community to control soil carbon turnover. The increasing of soil microbial abundance and the microbial regulation on soil carbon in forest thinning need to be considered for sustainable forest management practices in northern China.
Journal Article
The sources and selectivity characteristics of organic carbon transported by debris flow events in a mountainous catchment, Southwest China
PurposeThis study aims to obtain a preliminary understanding on the sources of debris flow sediments and the characteristics of organic carbon (OC) transported by debris flow events.MethodsSamples from debris flow and debris flow deposits as well as potential sources in the catchment were collected. For the collected samples, we measured grain size compositions, OC concentrations and properties such as C:N ratio, stable C isotopic composition and OC components derived from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.ResultsAs inferred from OC concentrations, C:N ratios and δ13C values, we found that OC in debris flow sediments and bare land soils are mainly petrogenic OC, while OC in forest, cropland and grassland soils contained a large fraction of biospheric OC. Fine particles were found to be preferentially transported in debris flow, and the particle selectivity decreased with increasing debris flow erosion intensity. However, no selectivity was observed for OC contained in debris flow, which is different from the widely observed preferential mobilization of OC in sediments by surface erosion.ConclusionsOur results show that sediments in debris flow are mainly sourced from bare lands. The fact that there are no significant differences in the petrogenic OC concentrations in various size fractions of debris flow sediment sources leads to no selectivity of OC in debris flow despite of selectivity of sediment particles.
Journal Article
Influence of Evaporation Drying on the Porous Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composite Xerogels
Carbon/carbon (C/C) composite xerogels dried by evaporation were prepared in this study to observe the change of their porous properties and their morphology by nitrogen sorption apparatus and a scanning electron microscope. Resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) sols as a matrix phase and cotton fibers (CF) as a dispersed phase were mixed and gelated to be CF/RF composite hydrogels. The composite hydrogels were exchanged by t-butanol (TBA), dried by evaporation at 50 °C, and carbonized at 1000 °C to become the C/C composite xerogels. The results show that the CF addition does not decrease the mesoporous properties of the C/C composite xerogels. Moreover, the CF addition can alleviate the pore shrinkage, and it can maintain the mesopore structure. The mesopore size and the micropore size of C/C composites are insignificantly changed because the CF addition and the solvent exchange using TBA may suppress the pore shrinkage despite the gas-liquid interface existing during the evaporation drying.
Journal Article
Light absorption by brown carbon over the South-East Atlantic Ocean
Biomass burning emissions often contain brown carbon (BrC), which represents a large family of light-absorbing organics that is chemically complex and therefore difficult to estimate their absorption of incoming solar radiation, resulting in large uncertainties in the estimation of the global direct radiative effect of aerosols. Here we investigate the contribution of BrC to the total light absorption of biomass burning aerosols over the South-East Atlantic Ocean with different optical models utilizing a suite of airborne measurements from the ORACLES 2018 campaign by introducing an effective refractive index of black carbon (BC), meBC = neBC+ikeBC, that accounts for all possible absorbing components at 660 nm wavelength to facilitate the attribution of absorption at shorter wavelengths. Most values of the imaginary part of the refractive index, keBC, were larger than those commonly used for BC from biomass burning emissions, suggesting contributions from absorbers beyond BC at 660 nm. The TEM-EDX single particle analysis further suggests that these long-wavelength absorbers might include iron oxides, as iron is found to be present only when large values of keBC are derived. Using this effective BC refractive index, we find that the contribution of BrC to the total absorption at 470 nm (RBrC,470) ranges from ~5–15 %, with the organic aerosol mass absorption coefficient (MACOA,470) at this wavelength ranging from 0.25 ± 0.34 m2 g-1 to 0.43 ± 0.12 m2 g-1. The core-shell model yielded much higher estimates of MACOA,470 and RBrC,470 than homogeneous mixing models, underscoring the importance of model treatment. Another key finding was that estimates of the BrC contribution at 470 nm from the commonly used AAE (absorption Ångström exponent) attribution method (< 5 %) are much lower than the BrC contribution estimates (RBrC,470) using our new methodology that accounts for contributions from both BrC and non-carbonaceous, long-wavelength absorbers, such as magnetite. Thus, it is recommended that application of any optical properties-based attribution method use absorption coefficients at the longest possible wavelength to minimize the influence of BrC at the long wavelength and to account for potential contributions from other absorbing materials.
Journal Article
Microbial regulation of soil carbon properties under nitrogen addition and plant inputs removal
Soil microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities play key roles in carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial communities are sensitive to resource availability, but the mechanisms of microbial regulation have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we tested the mechanistic relationships between microbial responses and multiple interacting resources.
We examined soil carbon properties, soil microbial community structure and carbon-related functions under nitrogen addition and plant inputs removal (litter removal (NL), root trench and litter removal (NRL)) in a pure
plantation in northern China.
We found that nitrogen addition affected the soil microbial community structure, and that microbial biomass increased significantly once 100 kg ha
a
of nitrogen was added. The interactions between nitrogen addition and plant inputs removal significantly affected soil bacteria and their enzymatic activities (oxidases). The NL treatment enhanced soil microbial biomass under nitrogen addition. We also found that the biomass of gram-negative bacteria and saprotrophic fungi directly affected the soil microbial functions related to carbon turnover. The biomass of gram-negative bacteria and peroxidase activity were key factors controlling soil carbon dynamics. The interactions between nitrogen addition and plant inputs removal strengthened the correlation between the hydrolases and soil carbon.
This study showed that nitrogen addition and plant inputs removal could alter soil enzyme activities and further affect soil carbon turnover via microbial regulation. The increase in soil microbial biomass and the microbial regulation of soil carbon both need to be considered when developing effective sustainable forest management practices for northern China. Moreover, further studies are also needed to exactly understand how the complex interaction between the plant and below-ground processes affects the soil microbial community structure.
Journal Article
A review on graphene based transition metal oxide composites and its application towards supercapacitor electrodes
Two-dimensional (2D) graphene and its outstanding properties such as, enormous conductivities, mechanical strength, optical and electrical properties brought it one of the most studied materials for the production of energy using renewable resources. The composites of graphene with the same morphological materials such as layered transition metal oxides will be the most aspiring combination to boost their conducting, optoelectronic and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the transition metal chalcogenides materials attracted significant attention due to their atomically thin layers and enormous optical, conducting and electrical properties. The layered materials offer mostly atomically thin 2D plane to the charge carrier with superior conducting properties. The thickness at atomic level, band gap, spin orbit coupling electronic and optoelectronics properties of transition metal dichalcogenides makes them one of the promising entities in energy harvesting technologies. The review suggests some strategies to improve the transition metals-composites stability conducting properties to be tailored in various applications.
Journal Article