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"Clean energy"
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Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review
New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine conflict and the past coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. For instance, concerns about market and policy responses that could lead to new lock-ins, such as investing in liquefied natural gas infrastructure and using all available fossil fuels to compensate for Russian gas supply cuts, may hinder decarbonization efforts. Here we review energy-saving solutions with a focus on the actual energy crisis, green alternatives to fossil fuel heating, energy saving in buildings and transportation, artificial intelligence for sustainable energy, and implications for the environment and society. Green alternatives include biomass boilers and stoves, hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heating, solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaics systems into electric boilers, compressed natural gas and hydrogen. We also detail case studies in Germany which is planning a 100% renewable energy switch by 2050 and developing the storage of compressed air in China, with emphasis on technical and economic aspects. The global energy consumption in 2020 was 30.01% for the industry, 26.18% for transport, and 22.08% for residential sectors. 10–40% of energy consumption can be reduced using renewable energy sources, passive design strategies, smart grid analytics, energy-efficient building systems, and intelligent energy monitoring. Electric vehicles offer the highest cost-per-kilometer reduction of 75% and the lowest energy loss of 33%, yet battery-related issues, cost, and weight are challenging. 5–30% of energy can be saved using automated and networked vehicles. Artificial intelligence shows a huge potential in energy saving by improving weather forecasting and machine maintenance and enabling connectivity across homes, workplaces, and transportation. For instance, 18.97–42.60% of energy consumption can be reduced in buildings through deep neural networking. In the electricity sector, artificial intelligence can automate power generation, distribution, and transmission operations, balance the grid without human intervention, enable lightning-speed trading and arbitrage decisions at scale, and eliminate the need for manual adjustments by end-users.
Journal Article
China as a global clean energy champion : lifting the veil
\"This book considers China's role as a rising champion of clean energy and document the policy decisions and actions which have underpinned this evolution. It considers the construction of the world's largest fleets of advanced coal-fired power stations, wind farms and solar photovoltaic arrays, examines sustained efforts to reduce national GDP intensities of energy and CO2 emissions, and assesses the rhetoric of government announcements on national policy and international commitments, including the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for Energy (2016-2020). The book notably considers the factors that have supported these achievements, including the availability of large amounts of capital, the role of state-owned companies with soft budgetary constraints, and many forms of indirect support from local governments. It also explores the obstacles to reaching the formal goals of reducing air pollution and CO2 emissions as well as the costs and unintended consequences of these policies, and identifies those parts of the energy supply chain where the governance of energy has been less effective in terms of energy efficiency and environmental protection.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Dynamic nonlinear connectedness between the green bonds, clean energy, and stock price: the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
This paper uses weekly data from July 01, 2011 to July 09, 2021 to examine the dynamic nonlinear connectedness between the green bonds, clean energy, and stock price around the COVID-19 outbreak in the global markets. By building a time-varying parameter vector autoregression model (TVP-VAR), the comparison analyses of pre- and during the COVID-19 sample groups verify the existence of nonlinear and dynamic correlation among the three variables. First, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the simultaneous impacts of clean energy on stock price increased over time. Second, the results of impulse responses at different horizons indicate that green bonds lead to a short-term increase of clean energy, and it exerts an increasingly positive impacts after the COVID-19 outbreak. The COVID-19 has weakened the negative impacts of green bonds on stock price in the medium term. Finally, through the analysis of impulse responses at different points, we find that stock prices will rise when clean energy is subjected to a positive shock, and this positive effect is stronger during economic recovery period than in the other two periods.
Journal Article
Clean energy investment and financial development as determinants of environment and sustainable economic growth: evidence from China
Environmental sustainability has become one of the most common phrases in discussions about climate change. This study examines the impact of clean energy investment and financial development on environmental sustainability and China’s economic growth, using manufacturing value-added and urbanization as moderator variables from 1970 to 2016. We used advanced econometric methodologies for empirical estimations, used structural break unit root tests, fully modified least square, dynamic least square, and robust least square multiple regressions for long-run estimates. Overall, the results determine that clean energy investment is negatively associated with CO
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emissions and ecological footprint while positively associated with China’s economic growth. Financial development, manufacturing value-added, and urbanization are positively associated with CO
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emissions, ecological footprint, and China’s economic growth. Moreover, clean energy investment improves environmental sustainability at the expense of economic growth. Financial development, manufacturing value-added, and urbanization encourage economic growth at the expense of environmental sustainability. We argued that the local governments play a critical role in lifting the outstanding barriers to cleaner energy investment, addressing disincentives, including pricing carbon dioxide emissions, reforming inefficient nonrenewable fossil fuel subsidies, and addressing regulatory and market rigidities that can undesirably affect the attractiveness of clean energy investment. Policymakers are suggested to encourage green finance strategy for the financial sector to broader sustainable development objectives. At the heart of green manufacturing, industrialization policies are needed to integrate diverse intentions, like inclusive growth, environmental protection, and productivity through a wider range of economic, social, and environmental policy frameworks suitable for decoupling growth from social and environmental unsustainability.
Journal Article
Single‐atom catalysis for carbon neutrality
Currently, more than 86% of global energy consumption is still mainly dependent on traditional fossil fuels, which causes resource scarcity and even emission of high amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), resulting in a severe “Greenhouse effect.” Considering this situation, the concept of “carbon neutrality” has been put forward by 125 countries one after another. To achieve the goals of “carbon neutrality,” two main strategies to reduce CO2 emissions and develop sustainable clean energy can be adopted. Notably, these are crucial for the synthesis of advanced single‐atom catalysts (SACs) for energy‐related applications. In this review, we highlight unique SACs for conversion of CO2 into high‐efficiency carbon energy, for example, through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermal catalytic hydrogenation technologies, to convert CO2 into hydrocarbon fuels (CO, CH4, HCOOH, CH3OH, and multicarbon [C2+] products). In addition, we introduce advanced energy conversion technologies and devices to replace traditional polluting fossil fuels, such as photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen energy and a high‐efficiency oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel cells. Impressively, several representative examples of SACs (including d‐, ds‐, p‐, and f‐blocks) for CO2 conversion, water splitting to H2, and ORR are discussed to describe synthesis methods, characterization, and corresponding catalytic activity. Finally, this review concludes with a description of the challenges and outlooks for future applications of SACs in contributing toward carbon neutrality. Good progress has been achieved in research on single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with nearly 100% atom utilization in terms of energy conversion and utilization involved in the process of “carbon neutrality.” Herein, SACs, including d‐, ds‐, p‐, and f‐blocks, for CO2 conversion, water splitting, and oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermocatalytic processes, are discussed. This will provide an understanding of the rapid development and practical applications of SACs for “carbon neutrality.”
Journal Article
Analysing the nexus between clean energy expansion, natural resource extraction, and load capacity factor in China: a step towards achieving COP27 targets
The excessive use of non-renewable energy in 21st-century economic growth has continued to hurt the environment by accumulating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. However, promoting environmental sustainability requires expanding clean energy utilisation. In this study, we examine the effects of clean energy expansion and natural resource extraction on load capacity factor (LCF) in China from 1970 to 2018. Using the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations approach, we extend the standard load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis by incorporating clean energy expansion and natural resource extraction as main determinants of the LCF. The empirical outcomes reveal that economic expansion is, although positively associated with the LCF, but its squared term degrades the LCF. This confirms that the LCC hypothesis is not valid for China. Moreover, while clean energy expansion has a positive effect on the LCF, the effect of natural resource extraction is negative. These effects are stronger and statistically significant only in the long run. Therefore, this study highlights the potentials for a sustainable decarbonized economy in China by investing not only in clean energy sources but also efficiently use the available natural resources in the country.
Journal Article