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Empowering communities through archaeology and heritage : the role of local governance in economic development
\"Peter G. Gould seeks to identify the essential success factors associated with a growing practice in archaeology: the sponsorship by archaeologists or heritage managers of local projects such as museums, tourism businesses, crafts cooperatives and similar activities within communities adjacent to archaeological or heritage sites. Typically, these are small projects intended to support economic advance in small communities. Rarely are they reported on in scholarly papers and, until now, they have never been subjected to study grounded in economic theory and practice. This is an area of study and analysis that is too important to lack suitable academic attention. This book argues that an essential factor in the success of community projects relates to the mechanisms used to govern the projects at the local level, and provides a much-needed systematical evaluation of the issues surrounding such governance. Drawing together theoretical insights from economics, political science, tourism scholarship, complexity scholarship, and non-profit best practices, it presents a model for community governance structures and illustrates the workings of that model through the four case studies. Armed with this book, practitioners will have both a theoretical foundation and practical approaches to consider when designing community projects\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Species-level and community-level responses to disturbance: a cross-community analysis
Communities are comprised of individual species that respond to changes in their environment depending in part on their niche requirements. These species comprise the biodiversity of any given community. Common biodiversity metrics such as richness, evenness, and the species abundance distribution are frequently used to describe biodiversity across ecosystems and taxonomic groups. While it is increasingly clear that researchers will need to forecast changes in biodiversity, ecology currently lacks a framework for understanding the natural background variability in biodiversity or how biodiversity patterns will respond to environmental change. We predict that while species populations depend on local ecological mechanisms (e.g., niche processes) and should respond strongly to disturbance, community-level properties that emerge from these species should generally be less sensitive to disturbance because they depend on regional mechanisms (e.g., compensatory dynamics). Using published data from terrestrial animal communities, we show that community-level properties were generally resilient under a suite of artificial and natural manipulations. In contrast, species responded readily to manipulation. Our results suggest that community-level measures are poor indicators of change, perhaps because many systems display strong compensatory dynamics maintaining community-level properties. We suggest that ecologists consider using multiple metrics that measure composition and structure in biodiversity response studies.
Journal Article
A community empowerment approach to heritage management : from values assessment to local engagement
\"Public Archaeology in a Rural Community presents an innovative approach to public archaeology in a rural community, which has had powerful results in terms of empowering a village community in Crete to become long term guardians of their cultural heritage. Highlighting the theoretical and local contexts of the Philioremos Peak Sanctuary public archeology project, the book explores the methodology and the project outcomes, and assesses best practice in the field of public archaeology within a rural community. As well as expanding the research on Minoan peak sanctuaries, the volume contributes to a greater understanding of how rural communities can be successfully engaged in the management of heritage, and is relevant to archaeologists and other heritage professionals wishing to understand the latest developments in public archaeology\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Unequal contributions: problems within the division of shares in joint community property
Marriage influences the economic rights of spouses when joint community property is created. When a marriage is dissolved, joint community property has to be divided. Each country sets different rules about how joint community property should be divided between spouses. Lithuania has chosen the presumption of equal shares in joint community property. Courts may depart from equal shares of spouses because of such important circumstances as interests of children, health state of a spouse, and personal income used to increase joint community property. However, courts have never departed from the equal shares principle due to differing contributions by spouses to matrimonial property. Meanwhile, other countries take into account contribution of spouses in order to divide property fairly and to protect the interests of the spouse who has contributed significantly to joint property, if the marriage was brief and the marriage produced no children. The impossibility to depart from equal shares to different contribution of spouses could increase the misuse of the institution of marriage and the unjust division of joint community property when the spouse who has not contributed to joint community property receives an equal share of it.
Journal Article
Pooling of Wealth in Marriage: The Role of Premarital Cohabitation
Previous studies documented the existence of a ‘cohabitation–marriage gap’ in resource pooling among opposite-sex partners, with cohabiters being more likely to separate income and wealth than married individuals. Surprisingly, despite many non-marital cohabitations transform into marriages, we know little about income and wealth pooling of ‘spousal cohabiters’, i.e. spouses who transition to marriage after experiencing a period of non-marital cohabitation. The comparison between ‘spousal cohabiters’ and directly married spouses is particularly interesting because it offers a litmus test of theories of marriage in relation to how and why economic resources are differently distributed within married vs. cohabiting couples. This paper compares directly married couples and ‘spousal cohabiters’ in Italy, focusing on one aspect of resource pooling: the marital property regime, i.e. the choice made at the time of marriage between joint or separate ownership of wealth accumulated during marriage. Competing hypotheses are developed on the basis of the arguments that marriage yields legal protection, that selection mechanisms drive both the choice of community vs. separation of property and direct marriage vs. premarital cohabitation, and that, by inertia, ‘spousal cohabiters’ continue to separate resources upon transition to marriage. Results based on the 2016 Italian ‘Family and social subjects’ survey show that ‘spousal cohabiters’ are significantly more likely to choose separation of property compared to directly married spouses. Such differences, however, are drastically reduced once relevant confounders are controlled for, hence suggesting that existing differences between directly married and previously cohabiting couples and, more generally, differences between married and cohabiting couples are driven, above all, by selection mechanisms.
Journal Article
Analyzing community resilience as an emergent property of dynamic social-ecological systems
Community resilience is widely promoted so that communities can respond positively to a range of risks, including shocks, extreme events, and other changes. Although much research has identified characteristics or capacities that confer resilience, resilience is more than simply the sum of these. Resilience is an emergent property-the capacities are linked and act together. We present an empirical analysis of five different capacities and assess how interactions between them confer resilience in two coastal communities in Cornwall, UK. These capacities are place attachment, leadership, community cohesion and efficacy, community networks, and knowledge and learning. Based on a survey and focus group discussions, our results show that residents draw on these capacities in different combinations, enabling resilience in diverse ways. This provides a dynamic and socially nuanced perspective on community resilience as process, potentially informing theory and practice of conservation, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and community development.
Journal Article
Deprivation of Retirement Benefits on Divorce through Living Annuities in South Africa
This article discusses the law regulating living annuities when spouses in South Africa are divorcing. It demonstrates that South African courts have interpreted the law to prejudice non-member spouses financially. It argues that courts have failed to consider matrimonial principles when determining whether living annuities are susceptible to being shared on divorce. It argues further that adequate consideration of matrimonial principles will render it impossible for retirement fund members to prejudice their spouses financially by purchasing living annuities without the consent of such spouses, particularly when married in community of property. Disregarding matrimonial law principles may lead to deprivation of property.
Journal Article
The \Dire Plight\ Contextualized: Comment on \The Fiction of Equitable Distribution: Military Divorce, Disability, and the 'Dire Plight' of the Former Military Spouse\ by Zoe Speas
For forty years, military spouses have sacrificed their economic security and personal well-being to support their servicemember spouse's military career, only to be thrust into a \"dire plight\" if their marriage ends in a community property state. The legislative policy that put them in this untenable position has not served federal interests: the military currently faces a recruiting crisis and military spouses' economic security has not improved since the USFSPA. It is time for Congress and the DoD to reexamine the incentives and benefits provided to servicemembers and their families. Congress and the Court must end the USFSPA's groundless, inequitable, and inconsistently applied legacy by focusing on making it easier and more appealing to live as a military family. Doing so will serve the \"clear and substantial\" interests of the military to recruit, retain, and retire a strong military while also improving outcomes for military families. This is a rare opportunity for Congress to be pro-military, pro-women, and pro-family.
Journal Article
Beliefs about climate change in the aftermath of extreme flooding
When faced with natural disasters, communities respond in diverse ways, with processes that reflect their cultures, needs, and the extent of damage incurred by the community. Because of their potentially recurring nature, floods offer an opportunity for communities to learn from and adapt to these experiences with the goal of increasing resiliency through reflection, modification of former policies, and adoption of new policies. A key component of a community’s ability to learn from disaster is how community members perceive the causes of extreme flood events and whether there is risk of future similar events. Perceptions of causes of flooding, including climate change, may be influenced by experiencing a flood event, along with individual preferences for various policies put in place to help a community recover. Using data collected from two rounds of public surveys (n = 903) across six Colorado communities flooded in 2013, we investigate whether there is variation across causal understanding of flooding, and whether this variation can be linked to differences in proximity of damages experienced (personal property, neighborhood, or community). By analyzing these variables, along with other variables (time since flood, political affiliation, and worldview), this study improves our understanding of the factors that drive our beliefs about potential causes of floods, focusing on climate change. The findings suggest that the extent of damage experienced at the neighborhood and community levels can have a significant effect on the perceptions of climate change held by the public. In turn, these beliefs about climate change are positively associated with perceptions of risks of future flooding.
Journal Article