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نتائج ل
"Dogma"
صنف حسب:
Christian doctrines in Islamic theology
By the tenth century, Islamic scholars were making use of Christian doctrines as examples of misguided thinking that showed the correctness of Islam. This volume explores key writings in this tradition, including those of al-Nashi' al-Akbar, al-Maturidi, al-Baqillani and 'Abd al-Jabbar.
Book
Os dogmas na igreja
Como missão outorgada por Cristo, a Igreja deve guardar e expor com fidelidade a revelacao a ela confiada. É este um ministerio vivo, que supoe um contínuo aprofundamento na compreensão das maravilhas e mistérios contidos no depósito sagrado. Ao longo dos séculos, estas verdades – impulsadas por factores diversos como o sensus fidei latente na alma alma dos fiéis, ou a necessidade de defender a fé católica contra os desvíos heréticos – foram sendo precisadas em fórmulas dogmáticas. Una vez definidos, estes mesmos dogmas constituiráo um possante elemento de desenvolvimento para a igreja, contribuindo para o progresso teológico, o aprimoramento litúrgico e o afervoramento dos fiéis.
Journal Article
New Perspectives on Reverse Translation: Brief History and Updates
Since the 1950s, reverse translation has been an enigmatic part of Crick’s central dogma of molecular biology. It might be described as the possibility to back-translate information from proteins to nucleic acids (or codons). A few studies have attempted to theorize and/or conduct in vitro experiments to test the likelihood of reverse translation, with ideas often involving the creation of peptide recognition sites that bridge the peptide and the codon. However, due to many constraints including an asymmetrical informational transfer, the stability of protein-peptide bonds, the structural non-uniformity of protein R-groups, and the informational loss in post-translational protein modifications, this concept requires follow-up studies. On the other hand, current bioinformatic tools that rely on computational programs and biological databases represent a growing branch of biology. Bioinformatics-based reverse translationcan utilize codon usage tables to predict codons from their peptide counterparts. In addition, the development of machine learning tools may allow for the exploration of biological reverse translation in vitro. Thus, while in vivo reverse translation appears to be nearly impossible (due to biological complexity), related biological and bioinformatics studies might be useful to understand better thecentral dogma’s informational transfer and to develop more complex biological machinery.
Journal Article
Tout ou rien La loi du sacrilège de 1825 et l'entreprise de reconfiguration de la Restauration
L'adoption de la loi dite « du sacrilège » en 1825 a été une grande victoire de la droite la plus conservatrice du temps. La loi était cependant formulée de façon à ne pas pouvoir être appliquée. De fait, son objet et les enjeux qu'il recouvrait étaient d'ordre essentiellement symbolique : faire rentrer le dogme catholique dans la loi de l'État faisait de cet État un État catholique, et davantage encore, un État exclusivement catholique, rompant avec l'acceptation de la pluralité religieuse héritée de la Révolution. Mais l'immense protestation que la loi éveilla dans tout le pays mena aussi à la chute du régime cinq ans plus tard. Notre hypothèse est que la focalisation sur la pluralité religieuse comme héritage de la Révolution suscita en réponse une réflexion qui conduisit à l'élaboration de ce que l'historien Georges Weill appelait « l'idée laïque ». En cela aussi, 1825 a constitué une étape décisive.
Journal Article
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy combinations in renal cell carcinoma
The treatment landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has been transformed with the advent of antiangiogenics, notably tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Both treatment options have improved outcomes of patients and modified the natural history of mRCC. Clinical investigations have focused on evaluating combination regimens containing ICIs and VEGFR-directed TKIs. Namely, the combinations of axitinib plus pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-426) and axitinib plus avelumab (JAVELIN RENAL 101) have shown improved outcomes compared with sunitinib in treatment-naïve patients with mRCC. In this review, we discuss the clinical data of single-agent TKIs and ICIs in mRCC and the rationale for the combination ICIs and TKIs based on preclinical and clinical evidence. We also explore the current challenges for regimen selection and development of predictive biomarkers.
Book Review
Differential dynamics of the mammalian mRNA and protein expression response to misfolding stress
The relative importance of regulation at the mRNA versus protein level is subject to ongoing debate. To address this question in a dynamic system, we mapped proteomic and transcriptomic changes in mammalian cells responding to stress induced by dithiothreitol over 30 h. Specifically, we estimated the kinetic parameters for the synthesis and degradation of RNA and proteins, and deconvoluted the response patterns into common and unique to each regulatory level using a new statistical tool. Overall, the two regulatory levels were equally important, but differed in their impact on molecule concentrations. Both mRNA and protein changes peaked between two and eight hours, but mRNA expression fold changes were much smaller than those of the proteins. mRNA concentrations shifted in a transient, pulse‐like pattern and returned to values close to pre‐treatment levels by the end of the experiment. In contrast, protein concentrations switched only once and established a new steady state, consistent with the dominant role of protein regulation during misfolding stress. Finally, we generated hypotheses on specific regulatory modes for some genes.
Synopsis
The contribution of mRNA and protein level regulation in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum stress response is deconvoluted by analyzing time‐series protein and matching mRNA concentrations with a new statistical tool.
Protein and mRNA concentrations are quantified at different time points, generating a high‐confidence dataset of 1,237 genes/mRNAs.
A new statistical tool quantifies the contribution of regulatory processes and shows that mRNA and protein level regulation play similarly important roles.
mRNA and protein level regulation have different dynamics: mRNA concentrations spike in their change and return to pre‐perturbation levels, while protein concentrations switch in their behavior and reach a new steady‐state.
Hypotheses on modes of regulation for several groups of genes are presented.
The contribution of mRNA and protein level regulation in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum stress response is deconvoluted by analyzing time‐series protein and matching mRNA concentrations with a new statistical tool.
Journal Article
Combination therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: is three a crowd?
The mainstay of treatment for metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Outcomes with ADT are variable but control of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) can often be achieved for many years. Death from prostate cancer is usually due to the development of escape variants able to survive and proliferate in the setting of castrate levels of serum androgens (metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, mCRPC). Several agents can improve survival for patients with mCRPC, including chemotherapy, agents to reduce androgen receptor signalling, the radioisotope radium-223 dichloride, and cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T. Some of these agents have been moved earlier in the disease course and have shown to improve survival in metastatic HSPC also, often to a much greater degree than when the same agents are used in mCRPC. Specifically, survival of metastatic HSPC can be improved with the addition to ADT of any one of docetaxel, abiraterone acetate/prednisone combination, apalutamide, enzalutamide, or darolutamide in combination with docetaxel. Factors affecting outcomes include the volume or burden of disease, timing of metastases relative to the original diagnosis, and patient factors determining the appropriateness of therapy. Unfortunately, uptake of this information by the clinical community remains suboptimal, with many men potentially suitable for combination therapy still receiving only ADT. Some trials have examined the effects of ‘triplet’ therapies although few were designed specifically to address this question. The best evidence to date suggests that triplet therapy with ADT + abiraterone + docetaxel or ADT + darolutamide + docetaxel, can improve overall survival in metastatic HSPC. Clear opportunities exist to improve survival outcomes for men with metastatic HSPC but need to be balanced against cost, accessibility, toxicity, and patient-specific factors.
Book Review
Deepening Undergraduate Students’ Thinking about Central Dogma through Problem-Based Learning
A common belief among pre-medical and medical students is that biochemistry is not relevant to practicing medicine. The problem-based approach of case studies has been used in medical education to scaffold the application of content to clinical cases, but few studies report on a similar use in undergraduate biochemistry. Case studies in biochemistry and related disciplines have been previously reported as increasing learning motivation and supporting depth of knowledge. Additionally, students engaging in case studies outperform students in traditional instruction. The objective of this qualitative case study was to find how the timing of a medical case study within the instructional sequence in an undergraduate biochemistry course supported students in applying the central dogma of molecular biology to explain the transfer of Huntington’s disease from parent to child. The CBL+ group reviewed the case study before class while the CBL− group was presented with the case study during class. Analysis of open response tasks added to the pre- and post-surveys suggested that the case study supported both groups in applying the central dogma to the case, but the earlier presentation of the case to the CBL+ group promoted deeper thinking about the mechanistic causation of the transfer of the disease.
Journal Article
Anastomotic Leak: Toward an Understanding of Its Root Causes
Background
When an anastomotic leak is discussed at a typical surgical morbidity and mortality conference, it is often presented as a due to an error in surgical technique involving ischemia, tension, or device failure. Here we assert that without direct visual analysis of the leak site and its tissue histology, an ex post facto claim that an anastomotic leak is due to an error in surgical technique remains speculative.
Methods
The arguments and rationale used to conclude that an anastomotic leak is due to an error in surgical technique are critically reviewed and assessed for their validity.
Results
No case series or literature exists in which a root cause analysis has been carried out with visual and tissue level evidence to determine the root cause(s) of an anastomotic leak.
Conclusions
At the individual case level, declaring that an anastomotic leak is due to an error in surgical technique without clear and compelling evidence either visually and/or at the tissue level to substantiate such a claim remains speculative.
Journal Article