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"Environmental testing"
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Doom towns : the people and landscapes of atomic testing : a graphic history
\"Explains critical technological developments and the policies that drove weapons innovation within the context of the specific environments and communities where testing actually took place ... [and] emphasizes the people who participated, protested, or were affected by atomic testing and explains the decision-making process that resulted in these people and places becoming the only locations and groups to actually experience nuclear warfare during the Cold War\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Savage dreams
\"A beautiful, absorbing, tragic book.\"—Larry McMurtry In 1851, a war began in what would become Yosemite National Park, a war against the indigenous inhabitants. A century later–in 1951–and a hundred and fifty miles away, another war began when the U.S. government started setting off nuclear bombs at the Nevada Test Site. It was called a nuclear testing program, but functioned as a war against the land and people of the Great Basin. In this foundational book of landscape theory and environmental thinking, Rebecca Solnit explores our national Eden and Armageddon and offers a pathbreaking history of the west, focusing on the relationship between culture and its implementation as politics. In a new preface, she considers the continuities and changes of these invisible wars in the context of our current climate change crisis, and reveals how the long arm of these histories continue to inspire her writing and hope.
eBook
Chlorinated Water Induced Aging of Pipe Grade Polypropylene Random Copolymers
Polypropylene random copolymers (PP-R) are common materials for pressurized hot water pipes. In many pipe systems, potable water is disinfected by chlorine to prevent waterborne diseases. This paper deals with hot chlorinated water induced aging of two PP-R grades with varying morphology. One material had a conventional monoclinic α crystal form (PP-Rα), whereas the other was explicitly beta-nucleated resulting in a trigonal β crystal form with a fine spherulite structure (PP-Rβ). Micro-sized specimens with a thickness of 100 µm were used for aging experiments at 60 °C in chlorinated water with 5 mg/L free chlorine, and aging indicators were monitored for exposure times of up to 2000 h. On the other hand, superimposed mechanical-environmental tests were carried out by using cracked round bar specimens with a diameter of 14 mm to determine the fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of both PP-R grades at 60 °C in non-chlorinated and chlorinated water. PP-Rβ was found to outperform PP-Rα with an about 30% higher time-to-embrittlement value of 2000 h. Furthermore, PP-Rβ exhibited an enhanced FCG resistance in both non-chlorinated and chlorinated water. The effect of chlorine content on the deterioration of the FCG resistances was significantly more pronounced for PP-Rα.
Journal Article
The Nevada Test Site
\"Emmet Gowin likes to ask a provocative question: \"Which country on earth has had the largest number of nuclear bombs detonated within its borders?\" The answer is the United States. Covering approximately 680 square miles, the Nevada National Security Site, formerly known as the Nevada Test Site, was the primary testing location of American nuclear devices from 1951 to 1992; 1,021 announced nuclear tests occurred there, 921 of which were underground. The site, which is closed to the public, including its airspace, contains 28 areas, 1,100 buildings, 400 miles of paved roads, 300 miles of unpaved roads, 10 heliports, and two airstrips. Its surface is covered with subsidence craters from testing, and in places looks like the moon. In 1996, Gowin received permission to document the landscape by air, after over a decade of working to secure access. These aerial views of environmental devastation--made quietly majestic but no less potent in the hands of a master photographer--unveil environmental travesties on a grand scale. While groups of images from the Nevada Test Site series have been published previously, this book will produce the largest number yet, and three quarters of the pictures will not have been published at all. Gowin is the only photographer to have been granted access to this site, which is now permanently closed, post-9/11. Other than images made by the government for geographic purposes, no other images of this landscape exist. The book will feature a preface by photographer Robert Adams (America, b. 1937), whose photographic and written work is concerned with landscape, urbanization, and activism. It will also feature an afterword by Gowin on how he made the images, and their significance to him today.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: evidence from European countries
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of economic structure of European countries into testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for European countries for the period 1980 to 2014. This study is inspired by the work of Lin et al. (J Clean Prod 133:712–724,
2016
), which made the first effort to investigate the phenomenon looking only at African countries. The main finding of the study is that the overall economic growth is the factor with which CO
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emissions exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship in the studied country group. On the contrary, when using their industrial share as a proxy to capture the countries’ economic structure, the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed – but a U-shaped relationship is confirmed. The industrial share decreases emissions through the development and absorption of technologies that are energy efficient and environmental friendly. The EKC hypothesis is confirmed when the aggregate GDP growth is considered, taking into account the improvement of the overall economic conditions of the countries regardless of the economic structure and role of industrialization.
Journal Article
Range wars : the environmental contest for White Sands Missile Range
\"Established in south-central New Mexico at the end of World War II, White Sands Missile Range is the largest overland military reserve in the western hemisphere. It was the site of the first nuclear explosion, the birthplace of the American space program, and the primary site for testing U.S. missile capabilities. In this environmental history of White Sands Missile Range, Ryan H. Edgington traces the uneasy relationships between the military, the federal government, local ranchers, environmentalists, state game and fish personnel, biologists and ecologists, state and federal political figures, hunters, and tourists after World War II--as they all struggled to define and productively use the militarized western landscape. Environmentalists, ranchers, tourists, and other groups joined together to transform the meaning and uses of this region, challenging the authority of the national security state to dictate the environmental and cultural value of a rural American landscape. As a result, White Sands became a locus of competing geographies informed not only by the far-reaching intellectual, economic, and environmental changes wrought by the Cold War but also by regional history, culture, and traditions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The relationship between corporate social responsibility, environmental investments and financial performance: evidence from manufacturing companies
The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the relationship between corporate social responsibility, environmental investments and financial performance in Nigerian manufacturing firms. The hypotheses are tested on internal environmental investments and external environmental investments on firm’s financial performance. It further determines if there is a significant difference between the profitability of environmentally conscious and environmentally non-conscious firms in Nigeria. Descriptive analysis is used to explain the variables applied and panel regression analysis is used to find out if there exists a relationship between internal environmental investments (employee benefits, staff training cost), external environmental investments (donations) and firm’s financial performance. The results indicate a positive and significant relationship exists between internal environmental investments and firm’s financial performance. It is also found a positive but insignificant relationship between external environmental investments and firm’s financial performance. Furthermore, paired sample
t
tests are used to reveal that there was a significant difference between the profitability of environmentally conscious and environmentally non-conscious firms. The finding of this study explains that firms with higher environmental investments have a higher profitability level than environmentally non-conscious firms.
Journal Article
The role of technology innovation and people’s connectivity in testing environmental Kuznets curve and pollution heaven hypotheses across the Belt and Road host countries: new evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is closely linked to the ecological sustainability of the infrastructure ventures that intrinsically include the aspects of climate change and pollution. Though there exists literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), very few explore the scope in the light of Belt and Road host countries (B&RCs). Therefore, the study examines the income-induced EKC and Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI)-based PHH in the multivariate framework of people’s connectivity and technology innovation in B&RCs from 2003 to 2018. The outcome of the study reveals that the observed relationship is quantile-dependent, which may disclose misleading results in previous studies using traditional methodologies that address the averages. Utilizing the novel “Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR)” of Machado and Silva (J Econom 213:145–173, 2019), the findings confirm an inverted U-shape association between economic growth and CO
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emissions only at lower to medium emission countries, thus validating the EKC hypothesis. The Chinese outward FDI flows increase carbon emissions at medium to high emission countries, thereby confirming PHH. The findings also indicate that people’s connectivity contributes to increasing emissions while innovation mitigates carbon emissions at lower to medium polluted countries. Moreover, the outcomes of Granger causality confirm one-way causality between economic growth and CO
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emissions, between FDI and CO
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emissions, between people’s connectivity and CO
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emissions, and between innovation and CO
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emissions. The results offer valuable insight for legislators to counteract CO
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emissions in B&RCs through innovation-led energy conservation in infrastructure projects while adopting green and sustainable financing mechanisms to materialize mega construction projects under the BRI.
Journal Article
Revisiting the role of forestry, agriculture, and renewable energy in testing environment Kuznets curve in Pakistan: evidence from Quantile ARDL approach
This paper assesses the Environmental Kuznets curve based on quantile behavior of the relationship between economic growth, forest area, agriculture production, renewable energy, and environmental degradation. The current literature generally used a single indicator to address environmental issues; however single indicator neither measures overall environmental conditions nor does specify that the environment issue is generally diminishing. Our study is the first one that used ecological footprint (EF) as an indicator to test environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Pakistan by employing recent approach of quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) initiated by Cho et al. (J Econ 188(1):281–300,
2015
). The result of this study validates the EKC hypothesis for Pakistan and shows quantile-dependent relationship, and in that case, using the conventional methods may somewhat lead to biased results. Moreover, the rejection of the null hypothesis of parameter constancy is also confirmed by Wald test. In the long run, the findings of renewable energy consumption and forest area show significant negative effects on ecological footprints, which indicates that by increasing renewable energy usage and forest area, ecological footprints can be minimized. Interestingly, the short-term effects of agricultural production findings on EF show statistically negative results. This illustrates that EF can also be reduced in the agriculture sector by adopting environment-friendly technologies. In order to create efficient policies for environment deterioration, the empirical findings of the current analysis can be used as a guideline for policy implications.
Journal Article