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Continuing the study of field fortifications he began inField Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War, Earl J. Hess turns to the 1864 Overland campaign to cover battles from the Wilderness to Cold Harbor. A grueling form of trench warfare became a key feature of tactical operations during this phase of the war in Virginia.Drawing on meticulous research in primary sources and careful examination of trench remnants at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, and Bermuda Hundred, Hess describes Union and Confederate earthworks and how Grant and Lee used them in this new era of field entrenchments. According to Hess, the heavy reliance on earthworks by both armies in the Overland campaign was driven by Grant's relentless attacks against Lee, not by the widespread use of rifle muskets, as historians have previously argued. Entrenchments kept the armies within striking distance and compelled soldiers to dig in for protection. Despite suffering massive casualties, Grant seized control of the strategic initiative and retained it for the rest of the war in the eastern theater.Illustrated by rare, historic photographs and new detailed maps of the trench remnants, this book constitutes the second installment of a three-volume study of field fortifications in the eastern campaigns.

Concrete fortifications have long served as battle-scarred memorials of the Second World War. The forests of north-west Europe, meanwhile, have concealed a preserved landscape of earthwork field fortifications, military support structures and bomb- and shell-craters that promise to enhance our understanding of the conflict landscapes of the 1944 Normandy Campaign and the subsequent battles in the Ardennes and Hürtgenwald forests. Recent survey has revealed that the archaeology surviving in wooded landscapes can significantly enhance our understanding of ground combat in areas covered by forest. In particular, this evidence sheds new light on the logistical support of field armies and the impact of Allied bombing on German installations.

From the 17th to the 19th century, a score of military events, campaigns and battles took place in the Czech lands, leaving numerous traces and distinctly changing the appearance of the cultural landscape in some regions. The results of long-term aerial-archeological surveys in the Czech lands have demonstrated that this detection method is advantageous in identifying buried sites built in the past in the context of military conflicts. Experience hitherto has made it possible to label archeological remote sensing as a collection of the potentially most effective methods for uncovering sites of field fortifications dated to the modern period and the beginning of the industrial era. This includes finds of both solitary sites and segments of strategically built fortification lines. This paper is an attempt to critically evaluate these hitherto recorded landmarks which have been discovered and documented via aerial prospection from the 1990s to the present. At the same time, this study reflects on the possibilities offered by the modern methods of remote sensing which have played a significant role in the discovery, mapping, documentation, digital terrain modelling, and the 3D virtual reconstructions of these sites.

This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape), and natural conditions. There is a corresponding research method for each of the landscape layers (guided interview with respondents, data analysis on abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications as brownfields, analysis of their landscape functions, and zoological survey of interior). The main results could show that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications can play important roles in all landscape layers: stories and genius loci, abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as a special type of military brownfield but also as a semi-natural ecosystem, and the same time as a habitat for invertebrates. The analyses and surveys conducted clearly demonstrate that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as units of military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape perform several hidden important functions in the landscape for which they cannot be viewed as brownfields. This hidden functional potential is most likely best described by the concept of hidden singularity, which offers itself for integration into basic approaches to brownfields.

The armies that assembled for the Atlanta campaign were among the largest concentrations of fighting men in the western theater during the Civil War. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi, drew troops from three geographic departments to mass 110,000 men and 254 guns for the campaign, scattering them in winter camps across Middle Tennessee, northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and around Chattanooga. Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas led 73,000 men and 130 guns in the Army of the Cumberland, while Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee consisted of 24,500 men and

Johnston took up the ninth fortified position his army constructed during the Atlanta campaign on the night of June 19–20. He placed Loring’s Army of Mississippi squarely on the twin-peaked mountain called Kennesaw. Hood’s Corps aligned to Loring’s right, crossing the vital Western and Atlantic Railroad to the northeast, while Hardee’s Corps stretched the position southward from Loring across Noyes Creek.¹ Kennesaw was a ridge two miles long. Big Kennesaw rose 691 feet from the level of the surrounding area, while Little Kennesaw stood at 400 feet. The much smaller Pigeon Hill, which was connected to the south side

On July 17, the day that his men crossed the Chattahoochee River and began to close in on Atlanta, Sherman instructed all three army commanders to “accept battle on anything like fair terms” with the enemy. He also authorized them to return fire if the Confederates let loose with artillery from the Atlanta City Line, without bothering to request that Johnston evacuate civilians. Sherman also penned a memorandum ordering Thomas to “press close on Atlanta, but not assault real works, but not be deterred by cavalry or light defenses.”¹ Thomas drew the lion’s share of

Archaeological excavations at Queens Redoubt, Pokeno, in 1992 provide new information on the defences, internal arrangement and material culture of the fortification. The history of Queens Redoubt is outlined, together with the historic landscape context of contemporary Maori and European sites. As British Army headquarters for the invasion of the Waikato, which led to the Waikato War of 1863-64, Queens Redoubt was one of the most important fortifications of the New Zealand Wars. The Waikato War was the most significant campaign of the 19th century armed struggle between Maori and Europeans, in terms of the scale of fighting and the outcome for later New Zealand history.

British Army and colonial fortifications of theTaranaki Wars in the years 1865-69 are described. During this period European success in the struggle was ensured by the settlement of European farmers on confiscated land, to deny Maori the resources to continue the fight, and at the same time secure the settlers' major objective which was land. Twenty-three forts include earthwork redoubts, and timber stockades and blockhouses. In each case the reason for establishment of the post is outlined, along with a brief history of the military occupation. The form is described from historical evidence and surviving archaeological remains. This is followed by a summary of the form and purpose of European fieldworks in north Taranaki throughout the campaigns of 1860 to 1869.