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"Group identity Arab countries."
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Social Identification and Ethnic Conflict
When do ethnic cleavages increase the risk of conflict? Under what conditions is a strong common identity likely to emerge, thereby reducing that risk? How are patterns of social identification shaped by conflict? We draw on empirical results regarding the nature and determinants of group identification to develop a simple model that addresses these questions. The model highlights the possibility of vicious and virtuous cycles where conflict and identification patterns reinforce each other. It also shows how processes of ethnic identification amplify the importance of political institutions and traces the effects of national status and perceived differences across ethnic groups. Finally, we demonstrate how a small but sufficiently potent group of ethnic radicals can derail a peaceful equilibrium, leading to the polarization of the entire population. We reexamine several historical cases as well as empirical correlates of civil wars in light of these results.
Journal Article
Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the Hajj
Crowd safety is a major concern for those attending and managing mass gatherings, such as the annual Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca (also called Makkah). One threat to crowd safety at such events is crowd density. However, recent research also suggests that psychological membership of crowds can have positive benefits. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of density on safety might vary depending on whether there is shared social identification in the crowd. We surveyed 1,194 pilgrims at the Holy Mosque, Mecca, during the 2012 Hajj. Analysis of the data showed that the negative effect of crowd density on reported safety was moderated by social identification with the crowd. Whereas low identifiers reported reduced safety with greater crowd density, high identifiers reported increased safety with greater crowd density. Mediation analysis suggested that a reason for these moderation effects was the perception that other crowd members were supportive. Differences in reported safety across national groups (Arab countries and Iran compared with the rest) were also explicable in terms of crowd identification and perceived support. These findings support a social identity account of crowd behavior and offer a novel perspective on crowd safety management.
Journal Article
Arab American Literary Fictions, Cultures, and Politics
N.B. this is a 'Palgrave to Order' title. Stock of this book requires shipment from overseas. It will be delivered to you within 12 weeks. Using literary and social analysis, this book examines a range of modern Arab American literary fiction and illustrates how socio-political phenomena have affected the development of the Arab American novel.
eBook
To Uncover Disparities, Collect and Disaggregate Self-Identification Data for Middle Eastern and North African Americans
Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Americans are largely invisible in federal data and surveys, as they usually lack a distinct category for self-identification.1 This data gap obscures whether MENA Americans experience adverse life circumstances more than other groups.2 We argue that researchers should immediately begin designing research instruments that offer a MENA category for self-identification in race/ethnicity questions and should analyze the significant heterogeneity in MENA populations. Because of the lack of self-reported race/ethnicity data, researchers have used creative methods to identify likely MENA Americans and explore possible health disparities.3,4 In this issue of AJPH, Kindratt and Smith (p. 1265) use the ancestry and country of birth measures in the American Community Survey (ACS) to identify MENA adults and compare their odds of cognitive difficulties with those of self-identified White, Black, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander adults aged 45 years and older. Self-identification is the most common measure for studying demographic changes, vital statistics, and disease rates.9 Self-reported race/ ethnicity respects individuals' perceptions of their identity and would enable researchers to compare health indicators of self-identified MENA Americans with those of other ethnoracial groups, resulting in more comparable and standardized estimates. To highlight the substantial heterogeneity among MENA Americans, Figure 1 illustrates differences in health insurance coverage and college degree attainment-critical factors that can influence health outcomes-across various MENA ancestry groups.
Journal Article
The Development of Social Essentialism: The Case of Israeli Children's Inferences About Jews and Arabs
Two studies examined the inductive potential of various social categories among 144 kindergarten, 2nd-, and 6th-grade Israeli children from 3 sectors: secular Jews, religious Jews, and Muslim Arabs. Study 1—wherein social categories were labeled—found that ethnic categories were the most inductively powerful, especially for religious Jewish children. Study 2—wherein no social category labels were provided—found no differences across sectors either in the inductive potential of ethnic categories or in children's capacity to visually recognize social categories. These results stress the importance of labels and cultural background in children's beliefs about social categories. The implications of these findings for accounts of the development of social essentialism are discussed.
Journal Article
Who Needs Arab-Jewish Identity?
In Who Needs Arab-Jewish Identity?: Interpellation, Exclusion, and Inessential Solidarities, Reuven Snir presents a fresh approach to the study of Arab-Jewish identity showing that singularity, not identity, has become the major war cry among Arabized Jews.
eBook
Israeli teachers make sense of global citizenship education in a divided society- religion, marginalisation and economic globalisation
Global citizenship education (GCE) has recently been promoted by national education systems and supranational organisations as a means for facilitating social cohesion and peace education. We examined the perceptions of GCE held by teachers from the three main education sectors in Israel: secular-Jewish, religious-Jewish, and Palestinian Arab, and found stark differences in the way teachers from each sector interpreted the term. For marginalised groups (Palestinian Arab), GCE is seen as offering a way of securing a sense of belonging to a global society. For already well-resourced social groups (Jewish secular), GCE is viewed as a way of promoting global futures. Meanwhile, for the Jewish religious minority in Israel, GCE is seen as a threat to national identity and religious values. Our findings cast doubt on the unifying potential of GCE, and we conclude by calling upon scholars and policymakers to examine unique obstacles facing GCE in their various contexts.
Journal Article
Anthropologies of Arab-Majority Societies
This article reviews recent anthropological scholarship of Arab-majority societies in relation to geopolitical and theoretical shifts since the end of the Cold War, as well as conjunctures of research location, topic, and theory. Key contributions of the subfield to the larger discipline include interventions into feminist theorizing about agency; theories of modernity; analyses of cultural production consumption that destabilize the culture concept; approaches to religion that integrate textual traditions with practice, experience, and institutions; and research on violence that emphasizes routinization and affect. Emerging work in the areas of race and ethnicity, secularism, law, human rights, science and technology, and queer studies has the potential to strengthen anthropology of the region as well as to contribute to the discipline more broadly.
Journal Article