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"History of ideas"
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The Alhambra at the crossroads of history : Eastern and Western visions in the long nineteenth century
Examining the contemporary press, memoirs, travelogues and photographs - as well as the visitors' book, this title uses the Alhambra to build a history of the complex and entangled relations between East and West, North and South, Islam and Christianity, centre and periphery during the heyday of Orientalism and Western hegemony. A growing flow of visitors in the 19th century turned the Alhambra into a touristic destination and a major trope of Orientalism, created by Western authors and artists from Franois-Ren de Chateaubriand to Owen Jones and from Washington Irving to Jean-Lon Grme. Yet behind this Western infatuation lie scores of Oriental observers of the monument, as revealed by its visitors book, kept since 1829. This book uses this untapped source to analyse the perceptions of the Alhambra by multiple actors, including Westerners, Spaniards, Maghrebines, Ottoman Turks, Christian Arabs and Muslim Arabs from the Mashreq. In doing so, it reveals the existence of significant variations in both Western and Oriental perceptions of the monument, from Oriental Orientalism to Arab nationalism. Examining the contemporary press, memoirs, travelogues and photographs as well as the visitors book it uses the Alhambra to build a history of the complex and entangled relations between East and West, North and South, Islam and Christianity, centre and periphery during the heyday of Orientalism and Western hegemony.
Book
Čyževs’kyjs Mácha-Lektüre im Kontext des Prager Linguistischen Zirkels
To mark the centenary of Karel Hynek Mácha’s death, the Prague Linguistic Circle compiled the volume Torso a tajemství Máchova díla (Torso and the Mystery of Mácha’s Work). This article provides a detailed analysis of Dmytro Čyževs’kyj’s contribution, ‘K Máchovu světovému názoru’ (‘On Má cha’s worldview’), focusing on its methodological aspects. Contrary to what the title suggests, this is not necessarily a classic hermeneutic endeavour. For Čyževs’kyj seeks to determine what he defines as a ‘worldview’ based on the way in which Mácha’s work is shaped by its language. From the perspective of the history of entanglement, there are certainly points of contact with the discussions held at the time about a structuralist approach within the Prague Linguistic Circle, particularly Jan Mukařovský’s concept of the ‘semantic gesture’, which was also developed in the same anthology on Mácha’s work. In both cases — Čyževs’kyj’s attempt to determine Mácha’s ‘world view’ from the poetic language of his works and Mukařovský’s search for the ‘semantic gesture’ conveyed in the way the parts of the work are connected — the aim, as a parallel reading shows, is to determine a way of referring to the world from the manifest verbal form of Mácha’s work.
Journal Article
Literature and Mysticism in the Wake of Silvano Panunzio: From The Divine Comedy to the European Literature of the Twentieth Century
This article introduces one of the forgotten figures of religious and literary studies: the Italian scholar, philosopher, metaphysician, poet and writer Silvano Panunzio (1918–2010). His contribution has so far been relegated to the margins of academic debate, and, currently, there are no academic studies on his work, in which mysticism plays a pivotal role. Panunzio believed that the transcendental and mystical dimension is fundamental for fully understanding the social, cultural, historical and political events of humanity. Another relevant aspect of his work is the importance he gave to literature and its relationship with mysticism, as in the case of Dante’s Divine Comedy or other European and Eastern writers and poets, such as Goethe, Shakespeare, Ibn Arabi and Dostoevsky. Significantly, Panunzio saved from oblivion the work of a forgotten man of letters of the nineteenth century, Gabriele Rossetti (1783–1854), who proposed the first symbolic and esoteric interpretation of Dante’s literary production and of European medieval love literature. Raising awareness of the intellectual amnesia around the figure of Silvano Panunzio may be a useful contribution to future research, both in the field of religious and literary studies.
Journal Article
The Role of Early Female Muslim Scholars in the Development of World Knowledge
The world was introduced to the first academic establishment granting degrees when Fatima al-Fihriya, a female Muslim scholar, established Jamia al-Qarawiyyin, in the ancient city of Fes in 859 CE. After spreading throughout the Arab Muslim world, it took hundreds of years for this new establishment to make its way into Europe with the university of Bologna in 1088 CE in Italy. Despite the critical role played by female Muslim scholars in advancing knowledge, their contributions have been largely undermined. This is especially the case in the context of higher education in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and within Moroccan universities. This paper reviews some key female Muslim scholars’ contributions to the advancement of knowledge. Among these are Fatima al-Majritiya and Mariam al-Ijliya, experts in astronomy; Labana of Cordoba, an expert in mathematics; and Fatima al-Fihriya, who, in addition to establishing the first university in the world, was an expert in astronomy, theology, law, rhetoric, prose, and verse writing.
Journal Article
Francusko-belgijska myśl techniczna początków produkcji pierwszych włókien sztucznych i Tomaszowska Fabryka Sztucznego Jedwabiu
The article concerns the beginnings of the development of factory production of the first artificial fibers. Attention is focused on the factory of the inventor of artificial silk Hilary de Chardonnet in Besançon, France. The focus is also on the Belgian artificial silk factory in Tubize. The first company indirectly, and the second company directly contributed to the creation of the first artificial fiber factory in Poland - the Tomaszów Artificial Silk Factory (acronym in Polish: TFSJ). The article analyses the beginnings of the development of factory production of first artificial fibers. It discusses the factory of the inventor of artificial silk, Hilaire de Chardonnet in Besançon, France. The focus is also on the Belgian artificial silk factory in Tubize. Both companies, the former one indirectly and the latterdirectly, contributed to the creation of the first artificial fiber factory in Poland, namely the Tomaszów Artificial Silk Factory. The beginnings of the development of artificial fiber production included many attempts to improve artificial fibers. It was a time of many technical difficulties in obtaining good mechanical strength of new fibers. Intensive work was carried out on technical and marketing issues. All this was to provide an optimal technology for producing artificial silk and promoting it around the world. The article also includes brief information from family memories of working in the Tomaszów factory.
Journal Article
Historical perspectives on forestry science and monocultures: Ideas of rationality in Sweden during the early twentieth century
This study aims to broaden our historical knowledge about ideas of rationalism and monocultures in forestry science and rational forest management. Empirically, it focuses on the writings of Swedish forestry scientist Henrik Hesselman, active in the early twentieth century. The texts were analyzed using the method of historical contextualization. The study indicates that monocultures historically have been subjected to debates richer than what previous research gives credit for. Besides a rationalist technology, monocultures have been conceptualized as an example of non-rational forestry failing to deliver sustainable yields. Moreover, instead of only simplifications, one-size-fits-all solutions, and top-down reforms, historical forestry science representatives have also at times understood rational forest management as a quest for complexity, site-specific solutions, and bottom-up approaches. It is argued that our understanding of forest use and society–environment relations, more generally, benefit from more historical contextualization.
Journal Article
“Want to know more of yr/ grand-dad?”: Ezra Pound, Gabriele Rossetti and Olivia Rossetti Agresti, when Literature meets Esotericism
This article addresses a forgotten aspect of the history of ideas, namely the fact that one of the most important figures of the twentieth century, Ezra Pound, was influenced by Dantean esotericism and the medieval esoteric doctrine of love proposed in the nineteenth century by Gabriele Rossetti. It aims to show the relations between literature and esotericism, in the wake of a dialogue between the Middle Ages and the twentieth century. The study of this unexplored horizon of research is presented here through the epistolary exchange between Pound and Gabriele Rossetti’s granddaughter, Olivia Rossetti Agresti.
Journal Article
Shakespeare on Salvation: Crossing the Reformation Divide
The five chapters of the book other than the Introduction and Conclusion offer readings of individual plays - The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet (two chapters), Measure for Measure and King Lear - that are at once historically relevant and theologically engaged. In Anonby's reading, for instance, The Merchant of Venice critiques justification by faith, while Measure for Measure shows the failure of Calvin's doctrine of vicarious atonement when applied to the ethical relationship between people. Out of his triple engagement with the early modern stage, the history of ideas, and contemporary criticism, Anonby constructs his own form of reading.
Journal Article
Kształtowanie nowego typu lekarza wojskowej służby zdrowia – popularyzacja doktryny medycznej i ideologii socjalistycznej w „Lekarzu Wojskowym” w latach 1945–1956
This work contains an analysis of the content published in the years 1945–1956 in “Military Physician”, reissued in 1945 by the then military command, which from the first issue was intended to educate military health service personnel. The aim of the analysis is to attempt to answer the question about the impact of the content published in the magazine on the formation of a new type of doctor-soldier-communist, consistent with socialist values. Twelve volumes of a magazine published by the Department of Health Services of the Ministry of National Defense, addressed mainly to military health service doctors, were analyzed. The magazine, which published, apart from medical topics, also propaganda materials, was intended to disseminate knowledge about Soviet scientific achievements and glorify the Soviet army. The editorial team intended the adoption of such a policy to serve the development of ethical and moral attitudes and the political education of the staff.
Journal Article