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"Lava"
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Resolution and Error Constraints of Topographic Measurements for Accurate Lava Flow Forecasting
The main parameters required to forecast lava flows are the eruption effusion rate, the lava viscosity, and the pre‐eruption topography. We focus on how the spatiotemporal resolution and vertical errors of topographic measurements affect lava flow forecasts. We develop a basic fluid mechanical flow model that, combined with theory, allows us to study the propagation of lava flows on simple noisy topography. We find that topographic noise acts to retard and widen the flow and show that relative noise greater than approximately 10% of the flow thickness significantly reduces the simulated advance rates and compromises the retrieval of the other eruption parameters. We also analyze how vertical topographic error, spatial sampling, and the time sampling frequency affect the effusion rate uncertainty. This work provides a basis for understanding how repeat topography data sampling and precision can affect forecasting lava flow spatiotemporal inundation and inform observation needs from future topography missions.
Journal Article
Volcano : a fiery tale of survival
\"Cam glances out the window of his Hawaii hotel room just in time to see the nearby 'inactive' volcano explode! Chunks of rock and lava cascade down into the city. Cam knows he needs to find his family and get out fast, but a river of lava runs between him and his loved ones.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
A Mantle-To-Crust Study of Magmatic Processes in the Main Ethiopian Rift
Continental rifting is the means by which strong continental lithosphere is faulted, weakened, and ruptured to form a new ocean basin. This process evolves temporally and spatially, and is accompanied by significant seismicity and often crustal intrusion of mantle-derived magmas in its penultimate stages, which facilitate further extension through crustal thermo-mechanical weakening. Understanding the relationship between magmatism and extension in rifts is paramount for developing new models of tectonic evolution that account for the effects of magmas during the rifting process. This thesis investigates the magmatic character of the late-stage Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), the northernmost sector of the East African Rift System. A subject of intense geophysical examination, the MER hosts volcano-tectonic segments that accommodate the bulk of extensional strain. Past literature has highlighted the anomalous nature of the mantle and the presence of both solid and molten intrusions in the rifting crust under these segments. To verify geophysical evidence, new independent petrological observations of melt generation and crustal magmatic storage and transport are necessary. I explore magmatism in the MER by analysing erupted basalts from scoria cones. Geochemical analyses of these materials, including whole rocks, olivine crystals, and olivine-hosted melt inclusions, are used to explore melt generation, crystal fractionation, and cationic diffusion within crystals. The three principal studies outlined in this thesis demonstrate that heterogeneous melts, derived from a hot mantle that is geochemically and lithologically enriched relative to ambient mantle, are stalled and stored in a mid-crustal weak layer prior to eruption. Significant degassing of CO2 occurs within this layer. Eruptions are triggered by the intrusion of hot mafic dykes in the months leading up to cone-forming events. These results provide new constraints on the temperature and composition of the sub-MER mantle, the storage conditions of rift magmas, and the timescales of processes that trigger eruptions.
Dissertation
No barriers : a blind man's journey to kayak the Grand Canyon
\"'No Barriers is about my journey since coming down from Mt. Everest in 2001, and the path to where I am today. It is the story of my own life, the personal and professional struggles in the pursuit of growth, learning, and family, as well as a dream to kayak one of the world's great rivers as a blind athlete. It is also about the many people I've encountered along the way who possess what I call a 'No Barriers' mindset, who live a No Barriers life'\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The complete bouguer anomaly changes in 2019 after explosive eruption of merapi in 2010
Merapi is the most active volcano in Central Java and even in Indonesia. Previous research in 1988,1998,2011 by using the gravity method shows an increasing amount of magmas, which are observed from changes in the dimensions of the magma chamber. The aim of this research is to observed the gravity changes nearby summit area after big eruption in 2010. In this research the summit area was close because of the activity of Merapi. The results of further studies in 2019 showed a large anomaly increase of 2 to 5 mGal in the southeast to the southwest. Gravity data in the peak area has not yet been acquired due to the high activity of Merapi. The subsurface interpretation related to changes in the dimensions of the magma reservoir cannot be done, but it can be expected increasing of mass at the southeast of Merapi towards the peak. The increasing amount of mass cause Merapi eruption in 2020.
Journal Article
Hydroacoustic Evidence for Offshore Lava Emplacement During the 2018 Kīlauea Eruption
During the 2018 Kīlauea eruption, over half the erupted lava was deposited on the seafloor. Lava flows crossing the shoreline generated sounds that were recorded by a network of hydrophones. We show that short‐duration, broadband signals associated with lava‐water interactions occurred throughout the eruption but increased in number when the Ahalanui ocean entry initiated on July 11. These terminated in early August coincident with the eruption's end. We compare hydroacoustic data with transmission loss models and eruption photographs to show that coastal explosive activity was poorly recorded by the hydrophone network. Similarly, strong hydroacoustic signals did not correlate with observed activity. These results suggest that acoustic signals were generated by lava flowing up to 100 s of meters offshore. Offshore lava flows can be hazardous to boaters, but hydrophones provide a means by which these hazards can be detected. Plain Language Summary During the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i, lava flowed past the coastline and into the sea where it was deposited on the volcano's submarine flank. In this study we show that the interaction of lava and sea water created noise that was detected by a network of hydrophones (underwater microphones) placed offshore. Lava‐water interactions that occurred very close to the coastline, however, were not well‐recorded by the hydrophones, suggesting that sound was trapped in the shallow water. Other strong sounds were recorded when no obvious activity was visible at the coast. These observations suggest lava was flowing much farther offshore than was observed from the surface, potentially posing a threat to boaters and coastal observers. Key Points Lava flows entering the ocean during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption generated sounds that were detected by hydrophones Explosive activity observed near the coastline was only weakly detected by the hydrophones Signals detected by the hydrophones may have initiated >100 m from the coast, suggesting that lava advanced well offshore
Journal Article
