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In this book, Lowell E. Baier, one of America's preeminent experts on environmental litigation, chronicles the century-long story of U.S. natural resources, focusing on litigation, citizen suit provisions, and attorneys' fees. He provides the first book-length, comprehensive examination of the little-known Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA) and its role in environmental litigation. Originally intended to support veterans, the disabled, and small businesses, Baier argues that EAJA now paralyzes America's public land management agencies. Baier introduces readers to the history of EAJA, examines the many beneficiaries of the law, describes in depth twenty of the most prominent litigious environmental groups in America, and recommends carefully tailored amendments to EAJA to correct environmental abuses of the law while protecting legitimate interests. Inside the Equal Access to Justice Act will be a valuable resource for the environmental legal community, environmentalists, practitioners at all levels of government, and all readers interested in environmental policy and the rise of the administrative state.

President Donald Trump suggested using top law firms to assist in trade deal negotiations during a cabinet meeting on April 10.

Former president Donald Trump once again denied the allegations that he falsified business records as he addressed reporters on April 16 before entering a Manhattan courtroom for the second day of his hush money payments criminal trial.

To achieve equality and justice is the main objective of China’s judicial reform. However, due to the scarcity of judicial resources in China, the cost of achieving equality and justice must be considered when designing the judicial system. Thus, how to balance equality, justice and judicial costs has become one of the most complicated questions of the reform. Analysis of the legal fee arrangements provides a unique perspective for this issue. In this paper, we use the method of law and economics to analyze this question. Through setting up a dynamic game model for litigation, we compare the effects of different legal fee arrangements on equality, justice and the social cost. Through data simulation, our theoretical findings are interpreted intuitively. The paper also scrutinizes institutional factors in system designing, which provides useful implications for the judicial reform. In addition, our research findings have amended the inconsistence of results between theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence.

Parasitic nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) cause debilitating chronic infections of humans and animals, decimate crop production and are a major impediment to socioeconomic development. Here we report a broad comparative study of 81 genomes of parasitic and non-parasitic worms. We have identified gene family births and hundreds of expanded gene families at key nodes in the phylogeny that are relevant to parasitism. Examples include gene families that modulate host immune responses, enable parasite migration though host tissues or allow the parasite to feed. We reveal extensive lineage-specific differences in core metabolism and protein families historically targeted for drug development. From an in silico screen, we have identified and prioritized new potential drug targets and compounds for testing. This comparative genomics resource provides a much-needed boost for the research community to understand and combat parasitic worms.

Rice is a staple crop for half the world’s population, which is expected to grow by 3 billion over the next 30 years. It is also a key model for studying the genomics of agroecosystems. This dual role places rice at the centre of an enormous challenge facing agriculture: how to leverage genomics to produce enough food to feed an expanding global population. Scientists worldwide are investigating the genetic variation among domesticated rice species and their wild relatives with the aim of identifying loci that can be exploited to breed a new generation of sustainable crops known as Green Super Rice.

Unfair terms have been prohibited by French law in consumer contracts since 1978 and in all standard form contracts since 2016. In both cases, the sanction consists in considering the clause unenforceable. This sanction does not deter the drafter from inserting unfair terms in the contract. We are interested in an alternative sanction, according to which the drafter bears all litigation costs. We build on a standard Cournot model of competition in quantities, in which we add unfair terms as well as the parties' expenses in litigation costs. We show that the English rule helps to deter the drafter of the contract from inserting unfair terms.