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Because the literature on platform competition emphasizes the role of network effects, it prescribes rapidly expanding a network of platform users and complementary applications to capture entire markets. We challenge the unconditional logic of a winner-take-all (WTA) approach by empirically analyzing the dominant strategies used to build and position platform systems in the U.S. video game industry. We show that when platform firms pursue two popular WTA strategies concurrently and with equal intensity (growing the number and variety of applications while also securing a larger fraction of those applications with exclusivity agreements), it diminishes the benefits of each strategy to the point that it lowers platform performance. We also show that a differentiation strategy based on distinctive positioning improves a platform's performance only when a platform system is highly distinctive relative to its rivals. Our results suggest that platform competition is shaped by important strategic trade-offs and that the WTA approach will not be universally successful.

The brand usage intent would conduct the market position with competitive advantage that could be bridge the right tract for the corporate for not making misguide in the heterogeneous industrial competitiveness and the customer brand engagement determined. This study was inquiry of fulfillment the research gap with the more resonance of the brand with halo effect then the brand equity. Furthermore, the research methods conducted with quantitative methods and design with descriptive correlation also used the confirmed strategy in structural equation modeling. The area sampling was fit with the 107 students in different situations and the result research was entire hypothesis’ were confirmed and the marginal fit research model on the market-based management research. The corporate should building best interaction within the compatible smart- computer user with digitalize platform.

The competitiveness of farms is usually assessed through traditional indicators of technical and accountancy efficiency, the productivity of factors of production, the profitability of activity, farms’ market position and shares, etc. A systematic approach for defining competitiveness and formulating its pillars, principles, criteria, and indicators has been rarely implemented, end the critical governance aspects have been largely ignored. The article incorporates a holistic multipillars framework, and assesses the levels of and correlations between the competitiveness of Bulgarian farms of different juridical types, economic sizes, product specialization, and ecological and geographical locations. Farm competitiveness is defined as capability (governance and production potential) of an agricultural holding to maintain sustainable competitive positions on (certain) market(s), leading to high economic performance through continuous improvement and adaptation to changing market, natural and institutional environment. Accordingly, the main “pillars\" of farm competitiveness are identified as Economic efficiency (Production Pillar), Financial endowment (Financial Pillar), Adaptability and Sustainability (Governance Pillar). For assessing the level of competitiveness of Bulgarian farms, a system of 4 criteria for each Pillar and 17 particular and 5 integral indicators are used. The study has found out that the level of competitiveness of agricultural holdings in the country is at a good level, but there is significant differentiation in the level and factors of competitiveness of holdings with different juridical types, sizes, product specialization, ecological and geographical location. The low adaptive potential and economic efficiency to the greatest extent contribute to lowering the competitiveness of Bulgarian agricultural producers. Especially critical for maintaining the competitive positions of farms are the low productivity, income, financial security and adaptability to changes in the natural environment, in which directions the public support of farms and their management strategies for development should be directed. A large share of farms of different types have a low level of competitiveness, and if measures are not taken in a due time to increase competitiveness by improving the management and restructuring of farms, adequate state support, etc., a large part of Bulgarian farms will cease to exist in the near future. The suggested approach for assessing the competitiveness of farms should be improved and applied more widely and periodically. The precision and representativeness of the information used should also be increased by increasing the number of farms surveyed, which requires close cooperation with other interested parties, and improving the system for collecting agro-statistical information in the country and the EU.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the extant literature on supply chain risk management (SCRM, including risk identification, assessment, treatment, and monitoring), developing a comprehensive definition and conceptual framework; to evaluate prior theory use; and to identify future research directions. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of 354 articles (published 2000-2016) based on descriptive, thematic, and content analysis. Findings There has been a considerable focus on identifying risk types and proposing risk mitigation strategies. Research has emphasised organisational responses to supply chain risks and made only limited use of theory. Ten key future research directions are identified. Research limitations/implications A broad, contemporary understanding of SCRM is provided; and a new, comprehensive definition is presented covering the process, pathway, and objectives of SCRM, leading to a conceptual framework. The research agenda guides future work towards maturation of the discipline. Practical implications Managers are encouraged to adopt a holistic approach to SCRM. Guidance is provided on how to select appropriate risk treatment actions according to the probability and impact of a risk. Originality/value The first review to consider theory use in SCRM research and to use four SCRM stages to structure the review.

ABSTRACTElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are alternative, non-combustible tobacco products that generate an inhalable aerosol containing nicotine, flavors, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin. Vaping is now a multibillion dollar industry that appeals to current smokers, former smokers, and young people who have never smoked. E-cigarettes reached the market without either extensive preclinical toxicology testing or long term safety trials that would be required of conventional therapeutics or medical devices. Their effectiveness as a smoking cessation intervention, their impact at a population level, and whether they are less harmful than combustible tobacco products are highly controversial. Here, we review the evidence on the effects of e-cigarettes on respiratory health. Studies show measurable adverse biologic effects on organ and cellular health in humans, in animals, and in vitro. The effects of e-cigarettes have similarities to and important differences from those of cigarettes. Decades of chronic smoking are needed for development of lung diseases such as lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, so the population effects of e-cigarette use may not be apparent until the middle of this century. We conclude that current knowledge of these effects is insufficient to determine whether the respiratory health effects of e-cigarette are less than those of combustible tobacco products.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is currently a common practice thanks to the development of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. The possibility to obtain raw GNSS measurements, such as pseudoranges and carrier-phase, from these instruments has opened new windows towards precise positioning using smart devices. This work aims to demonstrate the positioning performances in the case of a typical single-base Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning while considering two different kinds of multi-frequency and multi-constellation master stations: a typical geodetic receiver and a smartphone device. The results have shown impressive performances in terms of precision in both cases: with a geodetic receiver as the master station, the reachable precisions are several mm for all 3D components while if a smartphone is used as the master station, the best results can be obtained considering the GPS+Galileo constellations, with a precision of about 2 cm both for 2D and Up components in the case of L1+L5 frequencies, or 3 cm for 2D components and 2 cm for the Up, in the case of an L1 frequency. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that it is not feasible to reach the phase ambiguities fixing: despite this, the precisions are still good and also the obtained 3D accuracies of positioning solutions are less than 1 m. So, it is possible to affirm that these results are very promising in the direction of cooperative positioning using smartphone devices.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore resources or capabilities that enable medium-sized firms to be resilient, namely, to avoid and recover from supply chain disruptions. Design/methodology/approach A case-study method is employed with four medium-sized manufacturing firms headquartered in the USA that have global supply chains. Data are collected from semi-structured interviews with key informants from diverse functions and managerial levels, archival documents, observation and a resilience assessment. Findings Internal social capital emerged as a resilience-enhancing resource, comprising: structural capital grounded in small network size, geographical proximity among decision makers and low hierarchy; relational capital grounded in close relationships, commitment and respect; and cognitive capital grounded in long employee tenure. Originality/value This is the first paper in the supply chain management literature to examine the resilience of medium-sized firms, an under-researched context. It is also the first paper to introduce internal social capital as a resilience-enhancing resource. Hence, this is among the few papers to propose a resilience-enhancing resource rooted not in a firm’s supply chain operations but its human resources. This paper, moreover, identifies several facets of internal social capital within medium-sized firms. Finally, the paper makes several managerial contributions.

Since ancient times, information has been a valuable „good”, a authentic tool for gaining or consolidating a preemptive position in the social, state or business structure. For this reason, over time, anyone who wanted to control a state system, strategical in military, political, economic terms or in terms of social positioning, was drawn by the idea of acquiring some valuable information, unavailable to others. That is why in England the famous saying was issued, according to which „an informed man wins twice”, and in the United States of America it was consecrated the proverb regarding the fact that „information is power”. In modern times, information has experienced a proliferation and development, in structure and in message, unprecedented in history, to this effect fully contributing the development of digital technology, starting, especially, with the seventh decade of the last century. Therefore, digital information is currently an indispensable element of interpersonal relations, being characterized by the speed and ease with which it is sent from one side of the planet to the other, in real time.We cannot imagine the modern world without the electronic means of data transmission, a fact that represents an enormous gain of the modern society. That is why it is considered that information represents an element of imposition in the market, in the age when the computer is used in most fields of activity, which makes the holder of the informational elements to be considered as having a „strong” position in the market. That is precisely why, almost immediately after the development of the information transmission digital technologies, the objective and urgent need for the development of legal means of protection and of guaranteeing of the „personalization” of computer data was raised for discussion, in the most serious way, as an aspect that outlines the guaranteeing of the right to exclusive possession, use, transmission, preservation, exploitation of databases, in which information with valuable content is structured. Information has played and will always play one of the most important roles in the development and diversification of a country’s economic sectors. Information has its own value, but once it is developed, issued, collected, archived, organized, evaluated, preserved and presented methodically, its value increases. In the modern era, information is structured, being constituted in a well-defined organizational system, called a database, through which information is correlated with other information, and by this functional connection it enhances its relevance and its value.

Large volumes of performance data are generated in digital marketplace platforms, enabling vendors and platform operators to make strategic decisions. However, traditional benchmarking faces significant privacy challenges due to aggregation over competing market participants with sensitive performance metrics. This paper presents a comprehensive differential privacy framework for peer-group benchmarking in digital marketplace ecosystems. The framework proposes a multi-layered privacy preservation mechanism that maintains statistical utility while protecting individual participant performance data through three core innovations: a categorical peer-group formation algorithm clustering similar market participants based on offering category, business model, and transaction volume tier; an accuracy-preserving noise injection mechanism calibrated to maintain epsilon-differential privacy while constraining accuracy loss within acceptable thresholds; and a user-interface abstraction visualizing relative performance without revealing individual data points. Theoretical validation using simulated marketplace datasets suggests the framework could achieve minimal root-mean-square error across key performance indicators, potentially preserving the ability of vendors to gauge market position while maintaining formal privacy guarantees. The proposed system bridges a long-standing gap between competitive transparency and protection of proprietary data in platform-mediated markets and lays theoretical foundations for privacy-preserving competitive intelligence systems while demonstrating conceptual implementation strategies for large-scale digital platforms. This article extends beyond traditional differential privacy applications by developing domain-specific optimizations for categorical data clustering and performance metric obfuscation, with wide-ranging implications for regulatory compliance frameworks, platform governance models, and broader adoption of privacy-preserving analytics in digital ecosystems.