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Proof of stake : the making of Ethereum and the philosophy of blockchains
\"After Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin dropped out of college and launched Bitcoin Magazine, he wrote the Ethereum white paper, which proposed an open source system that would take what Bitcoin did for money and do it for everything else: contracts, social networks, and sharing economies. Now, less than a decade later, his idea is valued at about half a trillion dollars, and it is the foundation for the weird new world of NFT artworks, virtual real estate, and decentralized autonomous organizations. Understanding and engaging with Buterin's ideas will be of growing importance as the consequences of his invention continue to unfold and inspire debate worldwide. These writings, collected from his essays before and during the rise of Ethereum, reveal Buterin to be a vivid and imaginative writer, and this edition includes context from media studies scholar Nathan Schneider. While many around him were focused on seeing the value of their tokens rise, Buterin was working through the problems and possibilities of crafting an Internet-native world\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Leveraging Public Data to Predict Global Niches and Distributions of Rhizostome Jellyfishes
As climate change progresses rapidly, biodiversity declines, and ecosystems shift, it is becoming increasingly difficult to document dynamic populations, track fluctuations, and predict responses to climate change. Concurrently, publicly available databases and tools are improving scientific accessibility, increasing collaboration, and generating more data than ever before. One of the most successful projects is iNaturalist, an AI-driven social network doubling as a public database designed to allow citizen scientists to report personal biodiversity reports with accuracy. iNaturalist is especially useful for the research of rare, dangerous, and charismatic organisms, but requires better integration into the marine system. Despite their abundance and ecological relevance, there are few long-term, high-sample datasets for jellyfish, which makes management difficult. To provide some high-sample datasets and demonstrate the utility of publicly collected data, we synthesized two global datasets for ten genera of jellyfishes in the order Rhizostomeae containing 8412 curated datapoints from both iNaturalist (n = 7807) and the published literature (n = 605). We then used these reports in conjunction with publicly available environmental data to predict global niche partitioning and distributions. Initial niche models inferred that only two of ten genera have distinct niche spaces; however, the application of machine learning-based random forest models suggests genus-specific variation in the relevance of abiotic environmental variables used to predict jellyfish occurrence. Our approach to incorporating reports from the literature with iNaturalist data helped evaluate the quality of the models and, more importantly, the quality of the underlying data. We find that free, accessible online data is valuable, yet subject to biases through limited taxonomic, geographic, and environmental resolution. To improve data resolution, and in turn its informative power, we recommend increasing global participation through collaboration with experts, public figures, and hobbyists in underrepresented regions capable of implementing regionally coordinated projects.
Journal Article
The power of citizen science to advance fungal conservation
Fungal conservation is gaining momentum globally, but many challenges remain. To advance further, more data are needed on fungal diversity across space and time. Fundamental information regarding population sizes, trends, and geographic ranges is also critical to accurately assess the extinction risk of individual species. However, obtaining these data is particularly difficult for fungi due to their immense diversity, complex and problematic taxonomy, and cryptic nature. This paper explores how citizen science (CS) projects can be leveraged to advance fungal conservation efforts. We present several examples of past and ongoing CS‐based projects to record and monitor fungal diversity. These include projects that are part of broad collecting schemes, those that provide participants with targeted sampling methods, and those whereby participants collect environmental samples from which fungi can be obtained. We also examine challenges and solutions for how such projects can capture fungal diversity, estimate species absences, broaden participation, improve data curation, and translate resulting data into actionable conservation measures. Finally, we close the paper with a call for professional mycologists to engage with amateurs and local communities, presenting a framework to determine whether a given project would likely benefit from participation by citizen scientists.
Journal Article
Long non-coding RNAs and cancer: a new frontier of translational research?
Tiling array and novel sequencing technologies have made available the transcription profile of the entire human genome. However, the extent of transcription and the function of genetic elements that occur outside of protein-coding genes, particularly those involved in disease, are still a matter of debate. In this review, we focus on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are involved in cancer. We define lncRNAs and present a cancer-oriented list of lncRNAs, list some tools (for example, public databases) that classify lncRNAs or that scan genome spans of interest to find whether known lncRNAs reside there, and describe some of the functions of lncRNAs and the possible genetic mechanisms that underlie lncRNA expression changes in cancer, as well as current and potential future applications of lncRNA research in the treatment of cancer.
Journal Article
A comparison of three main scientific literature databases using a search in aquatic ecology
Online searches for relevant scientific references using keywords have become common practice. Several multidisciplinary scientific online databases are available, of which Web of Science, Scopus (both payable) and Google Scholar (free of charge) are the most commonly used. We test the hypothesis that results of highly similar searches in these three databases do not necessarily give comparable results. We set out to query the three databases with a real example on “diapause in microcrustaceans” (Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda), using the same time period (2012–2021), the same keywords with the same syntaxis and the same sorting criterion (“relevance”), and compared the first 100 hits provided by each database. There were several references provided which were irrelevant to the search, especially in the Web of Science, and of the remaining relevant references, only 9.84% were provided by all three databases. Our survey showed significant differences amongst the results provided by the databases, especially for “hydroperiod” and “type of environment”. These differences can be the result of different coverage of the scientific literature by the databases, but also of the different ways by which the criterion “relevance” is calculated by the three algorithms. We, therefore, recommend that literature surveys must be based on several databases; otherwise, the results might become biased.
Journal Article
Correction: Can public online databases serve as a source of phenotypic information for Cannabis genetic association studies?
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247607.].
Journal Article
Efficacy of the Technology Satisfaction Model (TSM): An Empirical Study
With the rapid uptake of the Internet and e-learning systems worldwide, online research databases have become necessary, even indispensable, tools for research and learning. The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) recognizes the huge potential of databases in improving educational outcomes, and in promoting research among its students and academic staff. In line with its aim to become a research university and centre for educational excellence, the IIUM introduced its online database system in 2000 as part of its e-library services. However, despite a decade of existence, the database was found to be underutilized, especially by postgraduate students. As such, the prime objective of this study is to validate the Technology Satisfaction Model (TSM) to assess its efficacy on students' satisfaction in using online research databases in higher education. A total of 180 postgraduate students from four faculties (Education, Human Sciences, Engineering and Economics) were selected using stratified random sampling procedure. The questionnaires' reliability and validity were performed through a Rasch model using Winsteps version 3.49. The data were analyzed applying the Structural Equation Modeling to test the hypotheses of TSM. The results of this study revealed that computer self-efficacy had a statistically significant direct influence on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Subsequently, students' perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness had statistically significant positive direct influence on their satisfaction in using online research databases. On the other hand, computer self-efficacy had a significant indirect influence on satisfaction mediated by perceived ease of use. Finally, computer self-efficacy also demonstrated a statistically significant indirect influence on satisfaction mediated by perceived usefulness of databases. The findings contributed that the TSM is viable to examine the successful integration of online research databases among postgraduate students in higher education.
Journal Article
A Web-Based Database on Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in China
For each record, we included the available items, including chemical panel, chemical name, congener, DOIs, sampling location (province, city, and site), sampling time, sample size, pathway, unit and statistics (range, mean, median, and standard deviation), and method detection limit. [...]the online database and data visualization were projected online ( https://pops.hhra.net) using (version 1.6.0, R 3.6.0, Windows 10) R “Shiny.” [...]the data analysis and human health risk assessment can be easily performed by setting a range of condition filters (such as chemical panel, pathway, sampling information, unit, and others).
Journal Article
USAGE OF ONLINE RESOURCES BY FACULTY MEMBERS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGES IN ERODE DISTRICT: A STUDY
This paper presents of this study investigates the usage of online resources among the Arts and Science College Faculty Members in Erode District. A total number of 340 structured questionnaires was distributed 324 (96%) Faculty Members are responding. A survey of 152 (46.9%) Arts Group Faculty Members and 172 (53.1%) Science Group Faculty Members are selected randomly for the study from Nine Arts and Science Colleges in Erode District. The data, thus collected were statistically analysed using by SPSS Software. This study main finding shows that the majority of Arts Group Faculty Members are using Internet (35.5%) tool frequency and E-Database (32.6%) Science Group Faculty Members was using online resources. Majority of the Faculty Members use the online resources daily. The analysis reveals that Faculty Members use online resources for General Studies (30.3%) and Prepare Project Purposes (36%). This paper highlights the use of online resources among the Arts and Science College Faculty Members. This study analyzed the awareness of the Faculty Members in accessing the online resources.
Journal Article