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Metal oxide nanostructures chemistry : synthesis from aqueous solutions
An overview of metal oxide nanoparticle fabrication in aqueous solution.
Book
A WOsub.3–CuCrOsub.2 Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cell for Green Hydrogen Production under Simulated Sunlight
The development of photoelectrochemical tandem cells for water splitting with electrodes entirely based on metal oxides is hindered by the scarcity of stable p-type oxides and the poor stability of oxides in strongly alkaline and, particularly, strongly acidic electrolytes. As a novelty in the context of transition metal oxide photoelectrochemistry, a bias-free tandem cell driven by simulated sunlight and based on a CuCrO[sub.2] photocathode and a WO[sub.3] photoanode, both unprotected and free of co-catalysts, is demonstrated to split water while working with strongly acidic electrolytes. Importantly, the Faradaic efficiency for H[sub.2] evolution for the CuCrO[sub.2] electrode is found to be about 90%, among the highest for oxide photoelectrodes in the absence of co-catalysts. The tandem cell shows no apparent degradation in short-to-medium-term experiments. The prospects of using a practical cell based on this configuration are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of modifying the materials for enhancing light absorption.
Journal Article
Metal oxide-based carbon nanocomposites for environmental safety and remediation
\"This book focusses on nanotechnology for the preparation of metal oxide-based carbon nanocomposite materials for environmental remediation. It analyses the use of nanomaterials for water, soil, and air solutions, emphasizing on environmental risks of pollution. It further explores how magnetic and activated carbon nanomaterials are being used for sustainable environmental protection of water and soil, and detection of harmful gases. Status and major challenges of using carbon-based nanomaterials on a large scale are explained supported by relevant case studies. Features: Exhaustively covers nanotechnology, metal oxide- carbon nanocomposites and their application in soil, water and air treatments. Explores pollutants nano-sensing and their remediation towards environmental safety. Includes economics analysis and environmental aspects of metal oxide materials. Describes why properties of oxide-carbon based nanomaterials useful for environmental applications. Discusses current cases studies of remediation technologies. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in nanotechnology, environmental technology and remediation\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Nonstoichiometry Defects in Double Oxides of the Asub.2BOsub.4-Type
Double oxides with the structure of the Ruddlesden–Popper (R-P) layered perovskite A[sub.n+1]B[sub.n]O[sub.3n+1] attract attention as materials for various electrochemical devices, selective oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes, and catalytic oxidative reactions. In particular, Sr[sub.2]TiO[sub.4] layered perovskite is considered a promising catalyst in the oxidative coupling of methane. Our high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies of Sr[sub.2]TiO[sub.4] samples synthesized using various methods have shown that their structure often contains planar defects disturbing the periodicity of layer alternation. This is due to the crystal-chemical features of the R-P layered perovskite-like oxides whose structure is formed by n consecutive layers of perovskite (ABO[sub.3])[sub.n] in alternating with layers of rock-salt type (AO) in various ways along the c crystallographic direction. Planar defects can arise due to a periodicity violation of the layers alternation that also leads to a violation of the synthesized phase stoichiometry. In the present work, a crystallochemical analysis of the possible structure of planar defects is carried out, structures containing defects are modeled, and the effect of such defects on the X-ray diffraction patterns of oxides of the A[sub.2]BO[sub.4] type using Sr[sub.2]TiO[sub.4] is established as an example. For the calculations, we used the method of constructing probabilistic models of one-dimensionally disordered structures. For the first time, the features of diffraction were established, and an approach was demonstrated for determining the concentration of layer alternation defects applicable to layered perovskite-like oxides of the A[sub.2]BO[sub.4] type of any chemical composition. A relation has been established between the concentration of planar defects and the real chemical composition (nonstoichiometry) of the Sr[sub.2]TiO[sub.4] phase. The presence of defects leads to the Ti enrichment of particle volume and, consequently, to the enrichment of the surface with Sr. The latter, in turn, according to the data of a number of authors, can serve as an explanation for the catalytic activity of Sr[sub.2]TiO[sub.4] in the oxidative coupling of methane.
Journal Article
Solar hydrogen generation : transition metal oxides in water photoelectrolysis
\"Expert techniques for extracting hydrogen from water using transition metal oxides as catalysts Solar Hydrogen Generation details the complex process of separating hydrogen from oxygen--photoelectrolysis. This book comprehensively covers the chemical characteristics of transition metal oxides, explaining how to covert solar energy to electron energy through transition metal oxides. Past experimentations and future directions are discussed. Solar Hydrogen Generation Comprehensively reviews physical characteristics of transition metal oxides both in electrochemical and photocatalytic applications Includes history and future prospects for water photoelectrolysis Reviews state-of-the-art achievements in the fields of condensed matter physics, nanostructured material science, electrochemistry, and photocatalysis Addresses potential problems and solutions In-depth coverage: Hydrogen Production; Electrochemistry and Photoelectrolysis; Transition Metal Oxides; Molecular Structure, Crystal Structure, and Electronic Structure; Optical Properties and Light Absorption; Bandgap, Band Edge, and Engineering; Impurity, Dopants, and Defects; Photocatalytic Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction; Organic and Inorganic Systems; Surface and Interface Chemistry; Nanostructured and Morphology; Synchrotron Radiation and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
From single drug targets to synergistic network pharmacology in ischemic stroke
Drug discovery faces an efficacy crisis to which ineffective mainly single-target and symptom-based rather than mechanistic approaches have contributed. We here explore a mechanism-based disease definition for network pharmacology. Beginning with a primary causal target, we extend this to a second using guilt-by-association analysis. We then validate our prediction and explore synergy using both cellular in vitro and mouse in vivo models. As a disease model we chose ischemic stroke, one of the highest unmet medical need indications in medicine, and reactive oxygen species forming NADPH oxidase type 4 (Nox4) as a primary causal therapeutic target. For network analysis, we use classical protein–protein interactions but also metabolite-dependent interactions. Based on this protein–metabolite network, we conduct a gene ontology-based semantic similarity ranking to find suitable synergistic cotargets for network pharmacology. We identify the nitric oxide synthase (Nos1 to 3) gene family as the closest target to Nox4. Indeed, when combining a NOS and a NOX inhibitor at subthreshold concentrations, we observe pharmacological synergy as evidenced by reduced cell death, reduced infarct size, stabilized blood–brain barrier, reduced reoxygenation-induced leakage, and preserved neuromotor function, all in a supraadditive manner. Thus, protein–metabolite network analysis, for example guilt by association, can predict and pair synergistic mechanistic disease targets for systems medicine-driven network pharmacology. Such approaches may in the future reduce the risk of failure in single-target and symptom-based drug discovery and therapy.
Journal Article
‘Green’ synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation
In materials science, “green” synthesis has gained extensive attention as a reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly protocol for synthesizing a wide range of materials/nanomaterials including metal/metal oxides nanomaterials, hybrid materials, and bioinspired materials. As such, green synthesis is regarded as an important tool to reduce the destructive effects associated with the traditional methods of synthesis for nanoparticles commonly utilized in laboratory and industry. In this review, we summarized the fundamental processes and mechanisms of “green” synthesis approaches, especially for metal and metal oxide [e.g., gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO)] nanoparticles using natural extracts. Importantly, we explored the role of biological components, essential phytochemicals (e.g., flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, amides, and aldehydes) as reducing agents and solvent systems. The stability/toxicity of nanoparticles and the associated surface engineering techniques for achieving biocompatibility are also discussed. Finally, we covered applications of such synthesized products to environmental remediation in terms of antimicrobial activity, catalytic activity, removal of pollutants dyes, and heavy metal ion sensing.
Journal Article
Nanostructured Metal Oxide-Based Electrochemical Biosensors in Medical Diagnosis
Nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) provide electrical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, reaction activity, and good adsorption strength. Furthermore, they serve as a conductive substrate for the immobilization of biomolecules, exhibiting notable biological activity. Capitalizing on these characteristics, they find utility in the development of various electrochemical biosensing devices, elevating the sensitivity and selectivity of such diagnostic platforms. In this review, different types of NMOs, including zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), nickel oxide (NiO), and copper oxide (CuO); their synthesis methods; and how they can be integrated into biosensors used for medical diagnosis are examined. It also includes a detailed table for the last 10 years covering the morphologies, analysis techniques, analytes, and analytical performances of electrochemical biosensors developed for medical diagnosis.
Journal Article
The regulation of nitric oxide in tumor progression and therapy
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gas with free radical groups that is soluble in water, and which is involved in numerous physiological functions including inflammatory and immune responses. However, the role of NO in tumor biology is controversial and misunderstood. NO has been shown to have both anti-cancer and carcinogenic effects, which are dependent on the time, location, and concentration of NO. This duality presents a double challenge to determine the net impact of NO on cancer and to define the therapeutic role of NO-centered anti-cancer strategies. Nevertheless, it is believed that a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of the cascade of molecular and cellular events underlying tumor biology that are affected by NO will allow researchers to exploit the potential anti-tumor properties of drugs that interfere with NO metabolism.
Journal Article
Spatial confinement tuning of quenched disorder effects and enhanced magnetoresistance in manganite nanowires
Complex oxides have rich functionalities and advantages for future technologies. In many systems, quenched disorder often holds the key to determine their physical properties, and these properties can be further tuned by chemical doping. However, understanding the role of quenched disorder is complicated because chemical doping simultaneously alters other physical variables such as local lattice distortions and electronic and magnetic environments. Here, we show that spatial confinement is an effective approach to tuning the level of quenched disorder in a complex-oxide system while leaving other physical variables largely undisturbed. Through the confinement of a manganite system down to quasi-one-dimensional nanowires, we observed that the nature of its metal-insulator phase transition exhibits a crossover from a discontinuous to a continuous characteristic, in close accordance with quenched disorder theories. We argue that the quenched disorder, finite size, and surface effects all contribute to our experimental observations. Noticeably, with reduced nanowire width, the magnetoresistance shows substantial enhancement at low temperatures. Our findings offer new insight into experimentally tuning the quenched disorder effect to achieve novel functionalities at reduced dimensions. quenched disorder, manganite nanowires, phase transition, colossal magnetoresistance PACS number(s): 71.27.+a, 71.30.+h, 73.63.-b, 64.70.Nd, 07.79.Pk
Journal Article