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Description of the subject. Identifying consumer characteristics related to their preferences and attitudes towards chicken is fundamental for supplying chickens that will be successful in the market.Objectives. To determine consumer attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for different types of chickens available in the north of Cóte d'Ivoire.Method. A total of 400 individuals were randomly surveyed across the 11 municipalities of the Poro region, through face-to-face interviews. The sample was stratified based on municipal population estimates, ensuring representativeness. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical clustering were applied to identify consumer groups, while Chi-square tests and Pearson residuals were used for characterization.Results. The study revealed that 85% of the surveyed people consumed chicken, including traditional, fast-growing, and hybrid types. Four consumer groups were identified based on their chicken preferences and WTP for specific types. These groups varied in terms of chicken organoleptic and sanitary attributes, meat quantity, availability, cost, consumption frequency, quantity consumed, consumers\" eating habits, place of residence, household size, and income. Factors such as household size, income, and festive periods positively influenced chicken consumption quantity, while place of residence impacted type and frequency of chicken consumption. Chicken meat quantity, availability, organoleptic and sanitary qualities, consumers\" eating habits, and household size were key factors determining WTP for chicken, regardless of type.Conclusions. The characteristics of chicken preferred by consumers varied depending on the type of chicken. Categorizing consumers based on their preferences and WTP highlighted the complex relationship between consumer attitudes and the different factors influencing chicken consumption patterns and WTP. These findings provide valuable insights for poultry producers and policymakers to better align supply and demand. Improving the availability, affordability, and quality of preferred chicken types, while considering socio-economic factors (household size, incomes, and festive periods), could enhance market success. Future research could explore how emerging trends, such as changing dietary habits or the rise of imported chicken, may influence consumer behavior in the concerned regions.

Description of the subject. Use of all processed animal proteins (PAPs) in animal feeds was banned in the EU due to the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This total feed ban was progressively lifted for non-ruminant PAPs from 2013 onwards. Use of ruminant PAPs in feed remains totally prohibited. In order to extend the reintroduction of poultry PAPs in pig feed, and of pig PAPs in poultry feed, as recently decided, poultry species and pig detection tests were required to check that there is no intra-specific recycling. Objectives. In this study, we describe the official EURL-AP real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of chicken (Gallus gallus L.) and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo L.), the two most widely used poultry species in PAPs.Method. Classic quality criteria for the validation of a PCR method are considered. A cut-off is required for the interpretation of results. Transferability was tested through an interlaboratory study.Results. The developed PCR assay amplifies an 84 bp fragment encompassing the mitochondrial DNA on 12S ribosomal RNA, tRNA-Val and 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. The qualitative method was successfully assessed for several performance criteria: specificity, sensitivity, efficiency and robustness. The applicability of the test was verified on poultry PAPs and on compound feed containing 0.1% in mass fraction of poultry PAPs. An interlaboratory validation study demonstrated that the proposed real-time PCR method is transferable.Conclusions. The combined chicken-turkey real-time PCR assay is fit for the purpose of detecting poultry PAPs. Un test PCR en temps réel validé pour la détection simultanée de Gallus gallus et Meleagris gallopavo dans les aliments pour bétail au lieu d’un test volaille impossibleDescription du sujet. L’utilisation de toutes protéines animales transformées (PATs) dans les aliments pour animaux a été interdite dans l’UE en raison de l’épidémie d’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB). Cette interdiction totale a été progressivement levée à partir de 2013 pour les PAT de non-ruminant. L’utilisation de PAT de ruminant dans l’alimentation reste totalement interdite. Afin d’étendre la réintroduction des PATs de volaille dans les aliments pour porc et de PATs de porc dans les aliments pour volaille comme décidé récemment, des tests de détection visant les espèces de volaille et le porc étaient nécessaires pour vérifier qu’il n’y a pas de recyclage intra-spécifique.Objectifs. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons la méthode de PCR en temps réel officielle de l’EURL-AP pour la détection simultanée du poulet (Gallus gallus L.) et de la dinde (Meleagris gallopavo L.), les deux espèces de volaille les plus utilisées.Méthode. Les critères de qualité classiques pour la validation d’une méthode PCR sont considérés. Un seuil (valeur de cut-off) est requis pour l’interprétation des résultats. La transférabilité a été testée par une étude interlaboratoire.Résultats. La méthode PCR développée amplifie un fragment de 84 pb situé sur les séquences de l'ARN ribosomal 12S, d'ARNt-Val et d'ARN ribosomal 16S de l’ADN mitochondrial. La méthode qualitative a été évaluée avec succès sur plusieurs critères de performance : spécificité, sensibilité, efficience et robustesse. L’applicabilité du test a été vérifiée sur des PATs de volaille et sur des aliments composés contenant 0,1 % en fraction massique de PAT de volaille. Une validation interlaboratoire a également démontré que la méthode de PCR en temps réel proposée est transférable.Conclusions. La méthode PCR en temps réel combinant la détection du poulet et de la dinde est adaptée à la détection des PATs de volaille.

Les trois auteurs ici convoqués sont d'abord ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler des critiques littéraires, et c'est à ce titre qu'ils appartiennent, dans le genre qui est le leur, chacun avec ses moyens et talents propres, à l'histoire de la littérature française ou francophone. Mais de l'avis presque unanime, tous trois sont aussi, et sans l'avoir directement voulu ou cherché, des écrivains part entière, ou plus justement peut-être des écritures singulières mises par eux, comme dit joliment Jean-Pierre Richard, au service des autres écritures. On arpentera dans les pages qui suivent, de long en large, en privilégiant les textes à caractère intime et les correspondances, trois œuvres critiques majeures et qui ont chacune été, pour leur auteur, consciemment ou non, une inlassable et très authentique quête de soi et de sa propre voix. Parler des autres, interroger les textes d'autrui, patiemment les lire et les commenter, pour les trois écrivains critiques ici réunis, c'est en effet aussi, et peut-être surtout, fût-ce indirectement, ou obliquement, parler de soi.

This study was carried out to detect the distribution of antibiotic-resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolates from slaughtered commercial chickens in Iran by PCR. The investigated genes included aadA1, tet(A), tet(B), dfrA1, qnrA, aac(3)-IV, sul1, blaSHV, blaCMY, ere(A), catA1 and cmlA. According to biochemical experiments, 57 isolates from 360 chicken meat samples were recognized as E. coli. The distribution of antibiotic-resistance genes in the E. coli isolates included tet(A) and tet(B) (52.63%), dfrA1, qnrA, catA1 and cmlA (36.84%) and sul1 and ere(A) (47.36%), respectively. Nine strains (15.78%) were resistant to a single antimicrobial agent and 11 strains (19.29%) showed resistance to two antimicrobial agents. Multi-resistance which was defined as resistance to three or more tested agents was found in 64.91% of E. coli strains. The results indicate that all isolates harbour one or more of antibiotic resistance genes and that the PCR technique is a fast, practical and appropriate method for determining the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes.

Jean has had enough and leaves Dean to film the episode by himself; Dean has no choice but to enlist director Burman to be his co-host.

Scalable production of avian cell lines exhibits a valuable potential on therapeutic application by producing recombinant proteins and as the substrate for virus growth due to the special glycosylation occurs in avian species. Chicken primordial germ cells (cPGCs), a germinal pluripotent avian cell type, present the ability of self-renewal, an anchorage-independent cell growth and the ability to be genetically modified. This cell type could be an interesting bioreactor system for industrial purposes. This study sought to establish an expandable culture system with defined components for three-dimensional (3D) culture of cPGCs. cPGCs were cultured in medium supplemented with the functional polymer FP003. Viscoelasticity was low in this medium but cPGCs did not sediment in culture and efficiencies of space and nutrient utilization were thus enhanced and consequently their expansion was improved. The total number of cPGCs increased by 17-fold after 1 week of culture in 3D-FAot medium, an aseric defined medium containing FP003 polymer, FGF2 and Activin A as growth factors and Ovotransferrin as protein. Moreover, cPGC cell lines stably expressed the germline-specific reporter VASA:tdTOMATO, as well as other markers of cPGCs, for more than 1 month upon culture in 3D-FAot medium, indicating that the characteristics of these cells are maintained. In summary, this novel 3D culture system can be used to efficiently expand cPGCs in suspension without mechanical stirring, which is available for long-term culture and no loss of cellular properties was found. This system provides a platform for large-scale culture of cPGCs.

S*S (Silver), S*N (wild type/gold), and S*AL (sex-linked imperfect albinism) form a series of alleles at the S (Silver) locus on chicken (Gallus gallus) chromosome Z. Similarly, sex-linked imperfect albinism (AL*A) is the bottom recessive allele at the orthologous AL locus in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The solute carrier family 45, member 2, protein (SLC45A2), previously denoted membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), has an important role in vesicle sorting in the melanocytes. Here we report five SLC45A2 mutations. The 106delT mutation in the chicken S*AL allele results in a frameshift and a premature stop codon and the corresponding mRNA appears to be degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. A splice-site mutation in the Japanese quail AL*A allele causes in-frame skipping of exon 4. Two independent missense mutations (Tyr277Cys and Leu347Met) were associated with the Silver allele in chicken. The functional significance of the former mutation, associated only with Silver in White Leghorn, is unclear. Ala72Asp was associated with the cinnamon allele (AL*C) in the Japanese quail. The most interesting feature concerning the SLC45A2 variants documented in this study is the specific inhibition of expression of red pheomelanin in Silver chickens. This phenotypic effect cannot be explained on the basis of the current, incomplete, understanding of SLC45A2 function. It is an enigma why recessive null mutations at this locus cause an almost complete absence of both eumelanin and pheomelanin whereas some missense mutations are dominant and cause a specific inhibition of pheomelanin production.

The compaction level of arrays of nucleosomes may be understood in terms of the balance between the self-repulsion of DNA (principally linker DNA) and countering factors including the ionic strength and composition of the medium, the highly basic N termini of the core histones, and linker histones. However, the structural principles that come into play during the transition from a loose chain of nucleosomes to a compact 30-nm chromatin fiber have been difficult to establish, and the arrangement of nucleosomes and linker DNA in condensed chromatin fibers has never been fully resolved. Based on images of the solution conformation of native chromatin and fully defined chromatin arrays obtained by electron cryomicroscopy, we report a linker histone-dependent architectural motif beyond the level of the nucleosome core particle that takes the form of a stem-like organization of the entering and exiting linker DNA segments. DNA completes approximately 1.7 turns on the histone octamer in the presence and absence of linker histone. When linker histone is present, the two linker DNA segments become juxtaposed approximately 8 nm from the nucleosome center and remain apposed for 3-5 nm before diverging. We propose that this stem motif directs the arrangement of nucleosomes and linker DNA within the chromatin fiber, establishing a unique three-dimensional zigzag folding pattern that is conserved during compaction. Such an arrangement with peripherally arranged nucleosomes and internal linker DNA segments is fully consistent with observations in intact nuclei and also allows dramatic changes in compaction level to occur without a concomitant change in topology

Jean Shows Dean How to Make Thai-style Chicken Rice. Knife Forger Explains How to Keep Knives Sharp.

The annuity, granted during the king's pleasure in April, was transformed into one of £10 per annum for life in January 1494, indicating his rise in the king's esteem (a rise that may reflect the gradual diminution in importance of the first King's Stationer, Peter Actors).12 On July 16, 1492, the king rewarded Poulet (\"Clerc of our Library') further, granting him the right to import, free of duties and through any English port, on Spanish or other friendly ships, \"foure score tonnes of gascoyn wynes and thurty tonnes of tholose wood. Allowing for the duplication of entries between the manuscripts, this represents twenty-four individual payments between 1496 and 1506, covering monies for the acquisition, production, or embellishment of books for the king and for other, unspecified rewards (very likely for his role in supplying more books, although possibly for services in other roles). \"21 Although more than one book is stated, these must have been lavish productions to warrant such an expense, and this sum may represent books actually compiled by Poulet rather than simply sourced. The most magnificent example ofa book known to have been produced by Poulet is a copy of Hugues de Lannoy's Enseignement de la vraie noblesse.22 This sumptuous manuscript was made by Poulet and craftsmen employed by him; the miniatures are by the Master of the Prayer Books in Bruges.